Introduction to IPv6

Transcription

1 Itroductio to IPv6 ISP Workshops These materials are licesed uder the Creative Commos Attributio-NoCommercial 4.0 Iteratioal licese ( Last updated 7th April

2 Ackowledgemets p This material origiated from the Cisco ISP/IXP Workshop Programme developed by Philip Smith & Barry Greee p Use of these materials is ecouraged as log as the source is fully ackowledged ad this otice remais i place p Bug fixes ad improvemets are welcomed Please workshop (at) bgp4all.com Philip Smith 2

3 Early Iteret History p Late 1980s Expoetial growth of the Iteret p Late 1990: CLNS proposed as IP replacemet p Ruig out of class-b etwork umbers, blocks of class-cs haded out istead Expoetial growth of the default-free routig table Evetual exhaustio of 32-bit address space p Two IETF efforts short-term vs. log-term More at The Log ad Widy ROAD 3

4 Early Iteret History p CIDR ad Superettig proposed i Deploymet started i 1994 p IETF ipg solicitatio RFC1550, Dec 1993 Resulted i may proposals: p TUBA RFC1347, Jue 1992 p PIP RFC1621, RFC1622, May 1994 p CATNIP RFC1707, October 1994 p SIPP RFC1710, October 1994 p NIMROD RFC1753, December 1994 p ENCAPS RFC1955, Jue 1996 p etc p Directio ad techical criteria for ext geeratio of IP: RFC1752, Jauary

5 Early Iteret History 1996 p IPv6 Specificatio (RFC1883) published i December 1995 p Other activities icluded: Developmet of NAT, PPP, DHCP, Some IPv4 address reclamatio The RIR system was itroduced p Brakes were put o IPv4 address cosumptio p IPv4 32 bit address = 4 billio hosts HD Ratio (RFC3194) realistically limits IPv4 to 250 millio hosts 5

6 Recet Iteret History The boom years 2001 p IPv6 Developmet i full swig p 6boe Rapid IPv4 cosumptio IPv6 Specificatio Draft Stadard i 1998: RFC2460 IPv6 specificatios sorted out (May) Trasitio mechaisms developed Experimetal IPv6 backboe sittig o top of Iteret Participats from over 100 coutries p Early adopters Japa, Germay, Frace, UK, 6

7 Recet Iteret History The bust years: p The DotCom crash p IPv4: i.e. Iteret became maistream Cosumptio slowed Address space pressure reduced p Idifferece Early adopters surgig owards Sceptics more sceptical Yet more trasitio mechaisms developed 7

8 p Resurgece i demad for IPv4 address space All IPv4 address space was allocated by IANA by 3 rd February 2011 Exhaustio predictios did rage from wild to coservative but by early 2011 IANA had o more! ad what about the market for address space? p Market for IPv4 addresses: Creates barrier to etry Codems the less affluet to tyray of NATs p IPv6 provides vast address space The oly compellig reaso for IPv6 8

9 Curret Situatio p Geeral perceptio is that IPv6 still has ot yet take hold IPv4 Address ru-out is headlie ews p Yet more discussios ad ad plas o IPv4 ru-out Private sector is still demadig a busiess case to migrate p No easy Retur o Ivestmet (RoI) computatio p But reality is very differet from perceptio! IPv6 eabled etworks see upwards of 60% of all traffic o IPv6 IPv6 Specificatio fully stadardised: RFC8200/STD86 Somethig has to be doe to sustai the Iteret growth IPv6 or NAT or both or somethig else? 9

10 Do we really eed a larger address space? p Iteret populatio ~630 millio users i % of world pop. ~1320 millio users i % of world pop. ~2512 millio users i % of world pop. ~3750 millio users i % of world pop. Future? (World pop. ~9B i 2050) p US uses 96 /8s this is 5.0 IPv4 addresses per perso Repeat this the world over 7 billio populatio could require 35 billio IPv4 addresses (9.4 times larger tha the etire IPv4 address pool) 10

11 Do we really eed a larger address space? p Other Iteret Ecoomies: Chia 20.2 IPv4 /8s Japa 12.1 IPv4 /8s UK 7.3 IPv4 /8s Germay 7.1 IPv4 /8s Korea 6.7 IPv4 /8s Source: p Emergig Iteret ecoomies eed address space: Chia would eed more tha a /4 of IPv4 address space if every studet (320M) is to get a IPv4 address Idia lives behid NATs (usig oly 2.2 /8s) Africa lives behid NATs (usig 4.5 /8s) 11

12 Do we really eed a larger address space? p Mobile Iteret is THE FUTURE Smartphoes & Tablets >2 billio uits i 2017 p p Far i excess of decliig PC market (200 millio uits) Source: Garter Eable through several techologies, eg: 5G/LTE, , p Trasportatio Mobile Networks >1B motor vehicles Iteret access o plaes, trais, p Cosumer, Home ad Idustrial Appliaces Iteret of Thigs 12

13 Do we really eed a larger address space? p RFC 1918 is ot sufficiet for large eviromets Cable Operators (e.g. Comcast NANOG37 presetatio) Mobile providers (fixed/mobile covergece) Large eterprises p The Policy Developmet process of the RIRs tured dow a request to icrease private address space RIR commuity guidelie is to use global addresses istead This leads to a accelerated depletio of the global address space p Some wated 240/4 as ew private address space But how to back fit oto all TCP/IP stacks released sice 1995? 13

14 Do we really eed a larger address space? p Large variety of proposals to help with IPv6 deploymet NAT444 p IPv4 NAT i Core ad Edge Dual Stack Lite ad 464XLAT p Ruig IPv4 over a IPv6 backboe p Activity of IETF Softwires ad v6ops Workig Groups NAT64 p Traslatio betwee IPv6 ad IPv4 p Activity of IETF Behave Workig Group 6rd p Dyamic IPv6 tuel from SP to customer p Activity of IETF Softwires Workig Group 14

15 IPv6 Geo-Politics p Regioal ad Coutries IPv6 Task Force Europe p Belgium, Frace, Spai, Switzerlad, UK, North-America Japa IPv6 Promotio Coucil Chia, Korea, Idia, p Relatioship Ecoomic partership betwee govermets p Chia-Japa, Europe-Chia, p Recommedatios ad project s fudig IPv roadmap recommedatios Ja Europea Commissio IPv6 project fudig: 6DEPLOY & Euro6IX p Tax Icetives Japa oly program 15

16 Status i Iteret Operatioal Commuity p Service Providers get a IPv6 prefix from their regioal Iteret Registries Very straight forward process whe compared with IPv4 p List of IPv6 deploymets p Much discussio amogst operators about trasitio: NOG experimets of 2008 p What is really still missig from IPv6 p May presetatios o IPv6 deploymet experieces 16

17 Service Provider Status p May trasit ISPs have quietly made their backboes IPv6 capable as part of ifrastructure upgrades Native is commo (dual stack) Providers usig MPLS use 6PE/6VPE Tuels still used (despite sigificat commuity effort to discotiue them) p Today fidig IPv6 trasit is simple Not early as challegig as it was before

18 OS, Services, Applicatios p Operatig Systems MacOS X, Liux, BSD Family, may SYS V Widows: XP SP2 (hidde), Vista, 7, 8, 10 All use IPv6 first if available p p p Applicatios MacOS 10.7 has happy eyeballs MacOS has happier eyeballs IPv6 gets 30ms head start Browsers p Firefox, Chrome, Opera have happy eyeballs cliets, IM, bittorret, p Services DNS, Apache WebServer, gateways, 18

19 Cotet p Cotet Availability Operators ad ed-users cotet eeds to be o IPv4 ad IPv6 p Cotet & Social Media Providers: Google fully IPv6 Facebook fully IPv6 Akamai fully IPv6 Cloudflare fully IPv6 LikedI fully IPv6 p More at: 19

20 Why are we still waitig? p That killer applicatio? Iteret Gamig or Peer to Peer applicatios? p IPv4 to ru out? Too late, it has! p Our competitors? Ay etwork deployed sice 2008 will be IPv6 capable Eve if ot eabled! p The ed-user? The ed-user wo t choose protocols Remember Turbo butto o early IBM PC cloes? 20

21 The O-goig Debate (1) p IPv6 Multihomig Same toolset as IPv4 log term o-scalable Ultimate Multihomig Solutio o earer discovery p Early rigid IPv6 address allocatio model Now removed across all RIR regios Oe size fits all barrier to deploymet: p Oly ISPs should get IPv6 space from RIRs p Eterprises should get IPv6 space from ISPs oly Routig table etries matter, ot the ature of busiess p What is a ISP? Today s simple model: p Network Operator gets from RIR p Ed user gets from Network Operator 21

22 The O-goig Debate (2) p Not every IPv4 device is IPv6 capable Do we really eed to replicate all IPv4 capability i IPv6 prior to cosiderig deploymet? p We have eough IPv4 Those with plety deyig those with little/othig p Migratio versus Co-existece Realistically IPv6 ad IPv4 will co-exist for may years Dual-stack operatig systems i etwork equipmet makes this trivial 22

23 Why ot use Network Address Traslatio? p Private address space ad Network address traslatio (NAT) could be used istead of IPv6 p But NAT has may serious issues: Breaks the ed-to-ed model of IP Breaks ed-to-ed etwork security Serious cosequeces for Lawful Itercept No-NAT friedly applicatios meas NAT has to be upgraded Some applicatios do t work through NATs Layered NAT devices Madates that the etwork keeps the state of the coectios How to scale NAT performace for large etworks?? Makes fast reroutig ad multihomig difficult How to offer cotet from behid a NAT? 23

24 The times, They are a chagi IPv4 All Goe! Source: ipv4.potaroo.et (Apr 2018) 24

25 Is IPv4 really ruig out? p Yes! IANA IPv4 free pool ra out o 3 rd February 2011 RIR IPv4 free pool is startig to ru out ow p p (depeds o RIR soft-ladig policies) p The ruout gadgets ad widgets are ow watchig whe the RIR pools will ru out: ietcore.com/project/ipv4ec/idex_e.html p (shows 1 RIR with o IPv4 left, ad 3 out of 4 RIRs i ru out austerity phase) ipv6.he.et/statistics/ 25

26 IPv4 ru-out p Policy Developmet process i each RIR regio has discussed ad implemeted may proposals relatig to IPv4 ru-out, for example: The Last /8 p All RIRs received oe /8 from the IANA free pool IPv4 address trasfer p Permits LIRs to trasfer address space to each other rather tha returig to their RIR Soft ladig p Reduce the allocatio sizes for a LIR as IPv4 pool is depleted IPv4 distributio for IPv6 trasitio p Reservig a rage of IPv4 address to assist with IPv6 trasitio (for Large Scale NATs etc) 26

27 Issues Today p More cotet eeds to be available o IPv6 Google, Akamai, etc all are dual stack ow World IPv6 Day o 8th Jue 2011 helped a little World IPv6 Lauch o 6th Jue 2012 helped a little more p Givig IPv6 to customers might cofuse Also icreased tech support if IPv6 versio of cotet is dow, but IPv4 versio works p Happy eyeballs (RFC6555) ad Happier eyeballs (RFC8305) has made a sigificat differece p Still eed to prolog IPv4 so there is time for all cotet to be available o IPv6 27

28 Coclusio p There is a eed for a larger address space IPv6 offers this will evetually replace NAT But NAT will be aroud for a while too Market for IPv4 addresses loomig also p May etwork operators still i deial 28

29 Itroductio to IPv6 ISP Workshops 29