TOP500 Supercomputer Sites. 11th Edition. Jack J. Dongarra. Computer Science Department. University oftennessee. Knoxville, TN

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1 TOP500 Supercomputer Sites 11th Edition Jack J. Dongarra Computer Science Department University oftennessee Knoxville, TN and Mathematical Science Section Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN Hans W. Meuer Computing Center University of Mannheim D Mannheim Germany Erich Strohmaier Computer Science Department University oftennessee Knoxville, TN RUM 54/98 UT-CS June 18, 1998

2 TOP500 Supercomputer Sites Jack J. Dongarra, Hans W. Meuer, and Erich Strohmaier June 18, 1998 Abstract To provide a better basis for statistics on high-performance computers, we list the sites that have the 500 most powerful computer systems installed. The best Linpack benchmark performance achieved is used as a performance measure in ranking the computers. 1 Introduction and Objectives Statistics on high-performance computers are of major interest to manufacturers, users, and potential users. These people wish to know not only the number of systems installed, but also the location of the various supercomputers within the high-performance computing community and the applications for which a computer system is being used. Such statistics can facilitate the establishment of collaborations, the exchange of data and software, and provide a better understanding of the high-performance computer market. Statistical lists of supercomputers are not new. Every year since 1986 Hans Meuer [1] has published system counts of the major vector computer manufacturers, based principally on those at the Mannheim Supercomputer Seminar. Statistics based merely on the name of the manufacturer are no longer useful, however. New statistics are required that reect the diversication of supercomputers, the enormous performance dierence between low-end and high-end models, the increasing availability of massively parallel processing (MPP) systems, and the strong increase in computing power of the high-end models of workstation suppliers (SMP). To provide this new statistical foundation, we have decided in 1993 to assemble and maintain a list of the 500 most powerful computer systems. Our list has been compiled twice a year since June 1993 with the help of high-performance computer experts, computational scientists, manufacturers, and the Internet community in general who responded to a questionnaire we sent out we thank all the contributors for their cooperation. In the present list (which we call the Top500), we list computers ranked by their performance on the Linpack Benchmark. While we make every attempt to verify the results obtained from users and vendors, errors are bound to exist and should be brought to our attention. We intend to continue to update this list half-yearly and, in this way, to keep track with the evolution of computers. Hence, we welcome any comments and information please send electronic mail to top500@rz.uni-mannheim.de. The list is freely available by anonymous ftp to 1

3 ftp.uni-mannheim.de/top500/ or to The interested reader can additionally create sublists out of the Top500 database and can make statistics on his own by using the WWW interface at Here you also have access to postscript versions of slides dealing with the interpretation of the present situation as well as with the evolution over time since we started this project. 2 The LINPACK Benchmark As a yardstick of performance we are using the \best" performance as measured by the Linpack Benchmark [2]. Linpack was chosen because it is widely used and performance numbers are available for almost all relevant systems. The Linpack Benchmark was introduced by Jack Dongarra. A detailed description as well as a list of performance results on a wide variety ofmachines is available in postscript form from netlib. To retrieve a copy send electronic mail to netlib@ornl.gov and by typing the message send performance from benchmark or from any machine on the internet type: rcp anon@netlib2.cs.utk.edu:benchmark/performance performance. The benchmark used in the Linpack Benchmark is to solve a dense system of linear equations. For the Top500, weusedthatversion of the benchmark that allows the user to scale the size of the problem and to optimize the software in order to achieve the best performance for a given machine. This performance does not reect the overall performance of a given system, as no single number ever can. It does, however, reect the performance ofadedicated system for solving a dense system of linear equations. Since the problem is very regular, the performance achieved is quite high, and the performance numbers give a good correction of peak performance. By measuring the actual performance for dierent problem sizes n, a user can get not only the maximal achieved performance R max for the problem size N max but also the problem size N 1=2 where half of the performance R max is achieved. These numbers together with the theoretical peak performance R peak are the numbers given in the Top500. In an attempt to obtain uniformity across all computers in performance reporting, the algorithm used in solving the system of equations in the benchmark procedure must conrm to the standard operation count for LU factorization with partial pivoting. In particular, the operation count for the algorithm must be 2=3n 3 + O(n 2 ) oating point operations. This excludes the use of a fast matrix multiply algorithm like \Strassian's Method". This is done to provide a comparable set of performance numbers across all computers. If in the future a more realistic metric nds widespread usage, so that numbers for all systems in question are available, we mayconvert to that performance measure. 2

4 3 The TOP500 List Table 1 shows the 500 most powerful commercially available computer systems known to us. To keep the list as compact as possible, we show only a part of our information here: N world Position within the Top500 ranking Manufacturer Manufacturer or vendor Computer Type indicated by manufacturer or vendor Installation Site Customer Location Location and country Year Year of installation/last major update Field of Application # Proc. Number of processors 1 R max Maximal Linpack performance achieved R peak Theoretical peak performance N max Problemsize for achieving R max N 1=2 Problemsize for achieving half of R max If R max from Table 3 of the Linpack Report [2] is not available, we use the TPP performance given in Table 1 of the Linpack Report [2] for solving a system of 1000 equations. To use a consistent yardstick for all systemwe we do not use results achieved by advanced parallel algorithm as dened in [2]. In case of the Cray T90, C90 and J90 systems we had to use older able 3 or Table 1 results. In a few cases we interpolated between two measured system sizes. For models where we did not receive the requested data, the performance of the next smaller system measured is used. If there should be any changes in the performances given in Table 1 we will update them. In addition to cross checking dierent sources of information, we select randomly a statistical representative sample of the rst 500 systems of our database. For these systems we ask the supplier of the information to establish direct contact between the installation site and us to verify the given information. This gives us basic information about the quality of the list in total. As the TOP500 should provide a basis for statistics on the market of highperformance computers, we limit the number of systems installed at vendor sites. This is done for each vendor separately by limiting the accumulated performance of systems at vendor sites to a maximum of 5% of the total accumulated installed performance of this vendor. Rounding is done in favor of the vendor in question. In Table 1, the computers are ordered rst by theirr max value. In the case of equal performances (R max value) for dierent computers, we have chosen to order by R peak.for sites that have the same computer, the order is by memory size and then alphabetically. 3

5 1 Intel Sandia National Labs Research ASCI Red Albuquerque USA / SGI Government Classied T3E1200 LC USA / SGI Government Classied T3E900 LC USA / SGI United Kingdom Meteorological Oce Research T3E900 LC Bracknell UK /1997 Weather SGI NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Research T3E LC Greenbelt USA /1998 Weather Hitachi/Tsukuba Center for Computational Physics, Univ of Tsukuba Academic CP-PACS/2048 Tsukuba Japan / SGI Max-Planck-Gesellschaft MPI/IPP Research T3E LC Garching Germany / SGI NERSC/LBNL Research T3E900 LC Berkeley USA / SGI Naval Oceanographic Oce (NAVOCEANO) Research T3E900 LC Bay Saint Louis USA /1997 Weather SGI Universitaet Stuttgart Research T3E900 LC Stuttgart Germany / SGI Deutscher Wetterdienst Research T3E900 LC Oenbach Germany /1998 Weather NEC Atmospheric Environment Service (AES) Research SX-4/128M4 Dorval Canada /1998 Weather NEC Tohoku University Academic SX-4/128H4 Aramaki Japan / Hitachi University oftokyo Academic SR2201/1024 Tokyo Japan / Fujitsu NAL Research Numerical Wind Tunnel Japan /1996 Aerospace SGI Cray Research Vendor T3E LC Eagan USA / SGI Forschungszentrum Juelich (FZJ) Research T3E LC Juelich Germany / SGI Pittsburgh Supercomputer Center Research T3E LC Pittsburgh4USA / Fujitsu ECMWF Research VPP700/116 Reading UK /1997 Weather SGI Government Classied T3E1200 LC USA /

6 5 21 SGI US Army HPC Research Center at NCS Research T3E1200 LC Minneapolis USA / SGI DOD/CEWES Research T3E900 LC Vicksburg USA /1997 Mechanics SGI Forschungszentrum Juelich (FZJ) Research T3E900 LC Juelich Germany / SGI Minnesota Supercomputer Center Academic T3E900 LC USA / SGI University ofedinburgh Academic T3E900 LC Edinburgh UK / IBM Pacic Northwest National Laboratoriy Research SP P2SC 120 MHz Richland USA / SGI Commissariat a l'energie Atomique (CEA) Research T3E750 LC Grenoble France /1997 Energy Intel Sandia National Labs Research XP/S140 Albuquerque USA / SGI CINECA Research T3E1200 LC Bologna Italy / Intel Oak Ridge National Laboratory Research XP/S-MP 150 Oak Ridge USA / NEC National Institute of Fusion Science (NIFS) Research SX-4/64M2 Japan / NEC Osaka University Academic SX-4/64M2 Osaka Japan / SGI CSC (Center for Scientic Computing) Academic T3E750 LC Espoo Finland / SGI CNRS/IDRIS Research T3E LC Orsay France / SGI Government Classied T3E LC USA / SGI UCSD/San Diego Supercomputer Center Academic T3E LC San Diego USA / Fujitsu Kyushu University Academic VPP700/56 Fukuoka Japan / Fujitsu National Lab. for High Energy Physics Research VPP500/80 Japan / Fujitsu/SNI Leibniz Rechenzentrum Academic VPP700/52 Muenchen Germany / SGI Government Classied T3E750 LC USA /

7 6 41 Intel Japan Atomic Energy Research Research XP/S-MP 125 Japan / SGI Government Classied T3D MC USA / Sun Sun Vendor HPC Cluster San Diego USA / SGI National Supercomputer Centre (NSC) Academic T3E LC Linkoping Sweden / SGI ARPA Academic T3E LC USA / IBM IBM/Poughkeepsie Vendor SP P2SC 160 MHz Poughkeepsie USA / IBM DOD/CEWES Industry SP P2SC 135 MHz Vicksburg USA / IBM Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Research SP P2SC 135 MHz USA / SGI ZIB/Konrad Zuse-Zentrum fuer Informationstechnik Academic T3E900 LC Berlin Germany / IBM Maui High-Performance Computing Center (MHPCC) Research SP P2SC 160 MHz USA / SGI Government Classied T3E750 LC USA / SGI KIST/System Engineering Research Institute (SSC) Research T3E900 LC Korea / SGI Commissariat a l'energie Atomique (CEA) Research T3E LC Limeil France / SGI NRI for Earth Science and Disaster (NIED) Research T3E LC Japan / IBM Chip Manufacturer (B) Industry SP2/402 USA / NEC Bureau of Meterology Research SX-4/32 Melbourne Australia /1997 Weather NEC NEC Fuchu Plant Vendor SX-4/32 Tokyo Japan /1995 Benchmarking NEC National Institute for Environmental Studies Research SX-4/32 Tsukuba Japan /1997 Environment NEC Universitaet Stuttgart Research SX-4/32 Stuttgart Germany / IBM KTH - Royal Institute of Technology Research SP P2SC 160 MHz Stockholm Sweden /

8 7 61 TMC Los Alamos National Laboratory Research CM-5/1056 Los Alamos USA /1993 Energy Fujitsu Japan Atomic Energy Research Research VPP500/42 Japan / Fujitsu Nagoya University Academic VPP500/42 Nagoya Japan / SGI Government Classied T3E LC USA / Hitachi Real World Computing (RWCP) Research SR2201/256 Tokyo Japan / Hitachi Tokyo University - Human Genome Center/IMS Academic SR2201/256 Tokyo Japan / SGI University of Alaska - ARSC Academic T3E900 LC Fairbanks USA / Fujitsu Direction de la Meteorologie Nationale Research VPP700/26E Toulouse France /1997 Weather IBM UCSD/San Diego Supercomputer Center Academic SP P2SC 160 MHz San Diego USA / Fujitsu National Institute of Genetics Research VPP500/40 Mishima Japan / Fujitsu Tokyo University - Inst. of Solid State Physics Academic VPP500/40 Tokyo Japan / IBM Nichols Research Corp. Industry SP P2SC 160 MHz USA / SGI Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) Industry T3E AC Farnborough UK /1997 Aerospace SGI Japan Adv. Inst. of Science and Technology (JAIST) Academic T3E AC Hokuriku Japan / SGI Ohio Supercomputer Center Academic T3E LC Columbus USA / IBM Cornell Theory Center Academic SP P2SC 120 MHz Ithaca USA / Hewlett-Packard Caltech/JPL Research Exemplar X-Class Pasadena USA / Hewlett-Packard Hewlett-Packard CXTC Vendor Exemplar X-Class Richardson USA /1997 Benchmarking IBM Chip Manufacturer (D) Industry SP P2SC 160 MHz USA / Hitachi University ofcambridge Academic SR2201/224 Cambridge UK /

9 8 81 SGI Los Alamos National Laboratory Research T3D MC512-8 Los Alamos USA /1994 Energy SGI Minnesota Supercomputer Center Academic T3D MC512-8 USA / SGI Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center Academic T3D MC512-8 Pittsburgh USA / SGI University ofedinburgh Academic T3D MC512-8 Edinburgh UK / IBM Chip Manufacturer (A) Industry SP P2SC 120 MHz USA / SGI The Scripps Research Institute Research T3E900 AC80-64 La Jolla USA / NEC NAL Research SX-4/25 Japan / Fujitsu The Angstrom Technology Partnership Research VPP500/32 Tsukuba Japan / IBM Universitaet/Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Academic SP2/256 Karlsruhe Germany / SGI NERSC/LBNL/Berkeley Labs Research T3E LC Berkeley USA / Fujitsu Institute of Physical and Chemical Res. (RIKEN) Research VPP500/28 Tokyo Japan / IBM Korean Telecom Industry SP P2SC 160 MHz Korea / SGI Cray Research Vendor ORIGIN 2000 Eagan USA / SGI Cray Research Vendor ORIGIN 2000 Eagan USA / SGI DOD/CEWES Research ORIGIN 2000 Vicksburg USA / SGI Kyoto University Academic ORIGIN 2000 Kyoto Japan / SGI Los Alamos National Laboratory Research ORIGIN 2000 Los Alamos USA / SGI Los Alamos National Laboratory Research ORIGIN 2000 Los Alamos USA / SGI Los Alamos National Laboratory Research ORIGIN 2000 Los Alamos USA / SGI Los Alamos National Laboratory Research ORIGIN 2000 Los Alamos USA /

10 9 101 SGI Los Alamos National Laboratory Research ORIGIN 2000 Los Alamos USA / SGI Los Alamos National Laboratory Research ORIGIN 2000 Los Alamos USA / SGI Los Alamos National Laboratory Research ORIGIN 2000 Los Alamos USA / SGI Los Alamos National Laboratory Research ORIGIN 2000 Los Alamos USA / SGI Los Alamos National Laboratory Research ORIGIN 2000 Los Alamos USA / SGI Los Alamos National Laboratory Research ORIGIN 2000 Los Alamos USA / SGI Los Alamos National Laboratory Research ORIGIN 2000 Los Alamos USA / SGI Los Alamos National Laboratory Research ORIGIN 2000 Los Alamos USA / SGI Los Alamos National Laboratory Research ORIGIN 2000 Los Alamos USA / SGI Los Alamos National Laboratory Research ORIGIN 2000 Los Alamos USA / SGI NASA/Ames Research Center/NAS Research ORIGIN 2000 Mountain View USA /1998 Aerospace SGI NASA/Ames Research Center/NAS Research ORIGIN 2000 Mountain View USA /1998 Aerospace SGI NCSA Research ORIGIN 2000 Urbana-Champaign USA / SGI Naval Oceanographic Oce (NAVOCEANO) Research ORIGIN 2000 Bay Saint Louis USA /1997 Aerospace SGI Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Research ORIGIN 2000 Washington D.C. USA / SGI Sandia National Labs Research ORIGIN 2000 Albuquerque USA / SGI US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) Research ORIGIN 2000 Aberdeen USA / SGI US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) Research ORIGIN 2000 Aberdeen USA / SGI US Army Space and Missile Defense Command Research ORIGIN 2000 Arlington USA / SGI University of Bergen Academic ORIGIN 2000 Bergen Norway /

11 SGI University oftokyo Academic ORIGIN 2000 Tokyo Japan / SGI University oftokyo Academic ORIGIN 2000 Tokyo Japan / SGI Vertex Pharmaceuticals Industry ORIGIN 2000 Cambridge USA /1997 Chemistry SGI White Sands Missile Range National Directorate Classied ORIGIN 2000 White Sands USA / SGI Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Research ORIGIN 2000 USA / SGI Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Research ORIGIN 2000 USA / SGI Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) Industry ORIGIN MHz Farnborough UK/1998 Aerospace SGI NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) Research ORIGIN MHz Boulder USA / SGI Phillips Petroleum Company Industry T3E900 AC Bartlesville USA /1997 Geophysics IBM Maui High-Performance Computing Center (MHPCC) Research SP2/224 USA / NEC Japan Marine Science and Technology Research SX-4/20 Yokosuka Japan / NEC National Research Institute for Metals Research SX-4/20 Tsukuba Japan / NEC Toyota Central Research Development Industry SX-4/20 Japan /1996 Automotive SGI EXXON Industry T3E LC USA /1998 Geophysics SGI Norwegian University of Science and Technology Academic T3E AC Trondheim Norway / Fujitsu Communications Res. Lab. (CRL) Research VPP700/17E Tokyo Japan / IBM CNUSC Academic SP P2SC 120 MHz Montpellier France / SGI Technical University Delft (TUD) Academic T3E AC Delft Netherlands / IBM SARA (Stichting Academisch Rekencentrum) Research SP P2SC 160 MHz Amsterdam Netherlands / SGI Government Classied T3E900 LC USA /

12 Sun Commerzbank Industry HPC MHz Germany /1998 Finance Sun Commerzbank Industry HPC MHz Germany /1998 Finance Sun Commerzbank Industry HPC MHz Germany /1998 Finance Sun Commerzbank Industry HPC MHz Germany /1998 Finance Sun Commerzbank Industry HPC MHz Germany /1998 Finance Sun Owens Corning Industry HPC MHz USA / Fujitsu Japan Atomic Energy Research Research VPP300/16 Japan / Fujitsu Japan Science and Technology Research VPP300/16 Tokyo Japan / Fujitsu Reactor Nuclear Fuel Development Research VPP300/16 Japan / Fujitsu/SNI Universitaet/Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Academic VPP300/16 Karlsruhe Germany / IBM Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Research SP PC MHz Livermore USA /1998 Energy IBM Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Research SP PC MHz Livermore USA /1998 Energy Intel Rome Laboratory Research XP/S-MP 41 USA / IBM Argonne National Laboratory Research SP P2SC 120 MHz USA / NEC Danish Meteorological Institute Research SX-4/16 Copenhagen Denmark / NEC National Aerospace Laboratory (NLR) Research SX-4/16 Noordoostpolder Netherlands /1996 Aerospace NEC National Cardiovascular Center Research SX-4/16 Japan / NEC Swiss Scientic Computing Center (CSCS) Research SX-4/16 Manno Switzerland / Digital Sandia National Labs Research AlphaServer 8400 Cluster Albuquerque USA / Digital Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Research AlphaServer 8400 Cluster Livermore USA /

13 Digital Digital Equipment Corporation Vendor AlphaServer 8400 Cluster Maynard USA /1997 Benchmarking IBM TRW Industry SP P2SC 160 MHz USA / IBM Phillips Research Industry SP PC MHz Netherlands / Hitachi Hitachi Mechanical Engineering Res. Lab. Research SR2201/128 Japan / SGI Government Classied Y-MP T932/ USA / SGI Government Classied Y-MP T932/ USA / SGI Government Classied Y-MP T932/ USA / SGI NRI for Earth Science and Disaster (NIED) Research Y-MP T932/ Japan / SGI Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) Industry Y-MP T932/ Tokyo Japan /1995 Finance IBM ETH Research SP P2SC 160 MHz Zuerich Switzerland / IBM Georgia Institute of Technology Research SP P2SC 160 MHz Atlanta USA / Hitachi Hitachi Ltd. GPCD Vendor S-3800/480 Japan /1994 Software Hitachi Japan Meteorological Agency Research S-3800/480 Japan /1995 Weather Hitachi University oftokyo Academic S-3800/480 Tokyo Japan / Sun Viag Interkom Industry HPC MHz Germany /1998 Telecomm Sun Viag Interkom Industry HPC MHz Germany /1998 Telecomm SGI EDS/General Motors Industry T3E AC Auburn Hills USA /1996 Automotive SGI University oftexas Academic T3E AC Austin USA / Digital Sandia National Labs Research AlphaServer 8400 Cluster Albuquerque USA / Fujitsu Australian National University Academic VPP300/13 Canberra Australia /

14 Hewlett-Packard Caltech/JPL Research Exemplar X-Class Pasadena USA / Hewlett-Packard Caltech/JPL Research Exemplar X-Class Pasadena USA / Hewlett-Packard HTC Industry Exemplar X-Class Babelsberg Germany /1997 Image Proc Hewlett-Packard NCSA Academic Exemplar X-Class Urbana-Champaign USA / Hewlett-Packard Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Classied Exemplar X-Class Washington D.C. USA / Hewlett-Packard Samsung Industry Exemplar X-Class Korea /1998 Electronics Hewlett-Packard University ofkentucky Academic Exemplar X-Class Lexington USA / SGI NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Research Y-MP T932/ Princeton USA /1997 Weather SGI Naval Oceanographic Oce (NAVOCEANO) Research Y-MP T932/ Bay Saint Louis USA / Sun ATT Industry HPC USA / Sun ATT Industry HPC USA / Sun ATT Industry HPC USA / Sun Chalmers University oftechnology Academic HPC Goteborg Sweden / Sun GTE Communications Industry HPC USA /1997 Telecomm Sun Kawasaki Heavy Industrie Industry HPC Japan /1998 Manufacturing Sun Motorola Industry HPC USA / Sun Sun Vendor HPC San Diego USA / Sun Tokyo Mitsubishi Bank Industry HPC London UK / Sun University oftokyo Academic HPC Tokyo Japan / Sun Virginia Social Research HPC USA /1997 Database

15 SGI Commissariat a l'energie Atomique (CEA) Research Y-MP T932/24512 Limeil France / SGI Ford Motor Company Industry Y-MP T932/ Dearborn USA /1996 Automotive Fujitsu Japan Atomic Energy Research Research VPP300/12 Japan / IBM Pacic Northwest National Laboratoriy Research SP2 77 MHz wide Richland USA / Sun American Express Industry HPC MHz Belgium / SGI Bear Stearns Industry T3D MC256-8/464 USA /1996 Finance SGI Caltech/JPL Research T3D SC256-8/264 Pasadena USA / SGI Defense Research Agency (DRA) Classied T3D MC256-8 Farnborough UK / SGI EXXON Industry T3D MC256-8 USA /1995 Geophysics SGI Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Academic T3D MC256-8 Lausanne Switzerland / SGI ZIB/Konrad Zuse-Zentrum fuer Informationstechnik Academic T3D SC256-8/464 Berlin Germany / Digital Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Research AlphaServer 8400 Cluster Livermore USA / SGI NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Research T3E900 AC Princeton USA /1997 Weather SGI North Carolina Supercomputing Center (NCSC) Academic T3E900 AC USA / SGI Universitaet Rostock Academic T3E900 AC Germany / Fujitsu Reactor Nuclear Fuel Development Research VPP500/16 Japan / Sun Commerzbank Industry HPC MHz Germany /1998 Finance NEC Veritas DGC Industry SX-4/12A Crawley UK /1997 Geophysics SGI Oxford University Academic ORIGIN 2000 Oxford UK / NEC Tohoku University Academic SX-3/44R Aramaki Japan /

16 15 Top500 Supercomputers -Worldwide 221 IBM University of Umea / HPC2N Academic SP P2SC 120 MHz Sweden / Fujitsu FDK Corporation Industry VPP300/10E Japan / SGI AWI (Alfred Wegener Institut) Research T3E AC Bremerhaven Germany / IBM University of Houston Academic SP P2SC 120 MHz USA / Hewlett-Packard Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) Classied Exemplar X-Class Arnold AFB USA / Hewlett-Packard S. A. IT Research Exemplar X-Class Korea / Hewlett-Packard Tohoku University Academic Exemplar X-Class Aramaki Japan / Hewlett-Packard Universitaet Leipzig Academic Exemplar X-Class Leipzig Germany / Hewlett-Packard Universitaet Mainz Academic Exemplar X-Class Mainz Germany / Sun Commerzbank Industry HPC MHz Germany /1998 Finance IBM Queen's University of Belfast Academic SP P2SC 160 MHz Belfast UK / Fujitsu Kyoto University Academic VPP500/15 Kyoto Japan / SGI CIEMAT Research T3E900 AC Spain / Sun INEM Research HPC Spain / Sun Micron Technology Industry HPC Boise USA / Hitachi Hokkaido University Academic S-3800/380 Sapporo Japan / Hitachi Institute for Materials Research/Tohoku University Academic S-3800/380 Japan / SGI Mobil / Technical Center Industry T3E AC Tulsa USA /1997 Geophysics Sun Allstate Insurance Industry HPC Chicago USA /1997 Database Sun GTE Communications Industry HPC USA /1997 Telecomm

17 16 Top500 Supercomputers -Worldwide 241 IBM National Center for High Performance Computing Academic SP2/110 Hsinchu Taiwan / Sun ATT BMD Industry HPC USA /1998 Telecomm Sun American Airlines Industry HPC USA / Sun Cincinnati Bell Information Systems (CBIS) Industry HPC Cleveland USA /1997 Telecomm Sun Daiei Information Industry HPC Japan /1997 Database Sun Daiei Information Industry HPC Japan /1998 Database Sun Kwiksave Industry HPC UK /1998 Database Sun Lockheed Martin Industry HPC USA /1998 Aerospace Sun Ministry of the Interior Classied HPC Seoul Korea / Sun Ministry of the Interior Classied HPC Seoul Korea / Sun National Reserve Bank Industry HPC Moscow Russian Federation/ Sun Oracle Corporation Industry HPC Redwood Shores USA /1997 Database Sun Oracle Corporation Industry HPC Redwood Shores USA /1997 Database Sun Toshiba Industry HPC Tokyo Japan / Sun Daimler Benz Quis Industry HPC MHz Germany /1998 Automotive SGI Boston University Academic ORIGIN 2000 Boston USA / SGI Boston University Academic ORIGIN 2000 Boston USA / SGI Boston University Academic ORIGIN 2000 Boston USA / SGI C4 / Centre Europeo del Parallelismo de Barcelona Academic ORIGIN 2000 Barcelona Spain / SGI Cambridge University Academic ORIGIN 2000 Cambridge UK /

18 SGI Centre de Res. Inform. de Haute Normandie (CRIHAN) Research ORIGIN 2000 Rouen France / SGI Chalmers University oftechnology Academic ORIGIN 2000 Goteborg Sweden / SGI Compagnie Generale de Geophysique (CGG) Industry ORIGIN 2000 Londres UK /1997 Geophysics SGI Denso Industry ORIGIN 2000 Japan / SGI Denso Industry ORIGIN 2000 Japan / SGI E-Systems/Raytheon Industry ORIGIN 2000 Lexington USA / SGI E-Systems/Raytheon Industry ORIGIN 2000 Lexington USA / SGI E-Systems/Raytheon Industry ORIGIN 2000 Lexington USA / SGI EDS Research ORIGIN 2000 USA / SGI Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Academic ORIGIN 2000 Lausanne Switzerland / SGI Government Industry ORIGIN 2000 USA / SGI Government Classied ORIGIN 2000 USA / SGI Government Classied ORIGIN 2000 USA / SGI Government Classied ORIGIN 2000 USA / SGI Government Classied ORIGIN 2000 USA / SGI Government Classied ORIGIN 2000 USA / SGI INRIA-Lorraine/Centre Charles Hermite Research ORIGIN 2000 Nancy France / SGI Indiana University Academic ORIGIN 2000 Bloomington USA / SGI Lockheed Martin Research ORIGIN 2000 USA / SGI NASA Research ORIGIN 2000 USA /

19 SGI NASA Research ORIGIN 2000 USA / SGI NASA/Ames Research Center/NAS Research ORIGIN 2000 Mountain View USA /1997 Aerospace SGI NASA/Ames Research Center/NAS Research ORIGIN 2000 Mountain View USA /1998 Aerospace SGI NASA/Langley Research Center Research ORIGIN 2000 Langley USA / SGI NCSA Research ORIGIN 2000 Urbana-Champaign USA / SGI NCSA Research ORIGIN 2000 Urbana-Champaign USA / SGI NCSA Research ORIGIN 2000 Urbana-Champaign USA / SGI NCSA Research ORIGIN 2000 Urbana-Champaign USA / SGI NCSA Research ORIGIN 2000 Urbana-Champaign USA / SGI NCSA Research ORIGIN 2000 Urbana-Champaign USA / SGI NSWC Research ORIGIN 2000 USA / SGI Princeton University Academic ORIGIN 2000 Princeton USA / SGI Sandia National Labs Research ORIGIN 2000 Albuquerque USA / SGI Silicon Graphics Vendor ORIGIN 2000 Mountain View USA /1997 Software SGI Sylvest Management Systems Industry ORIGIN 2000 USA / SGI US Air Force Classied ORIGIN 2000 San Antonio USA / SGI US Army Space and Missile Defense Command Research ORIGIN 2000 Arlington USA / SGI University of Queensland Academic ORIGIN 2000 St Lucia Australia / SGI University of Utah Academic ORIGIN 2000 Salt Lake City USA / SGI University ofvalencia Academic ORIGIN 2000 Valencia Spain /

20 SGI Vastar Industry ORIGIN 2000 Houston USA /1997 Geophysics SGI Wright-Patterson AirForce Base Research ORIGIN 2000 USA / SGI Wright-Patterson AirForce Base Research ORIGIN 2000 USA / SGI Wright-Patterson AirForce Base Research ORIGIN 2000 USA / SGI Forschungszentrum Juelich (FZJ) Research Y-MP T916/ Juelich Germany / SGI Nissan Motor Industry Y-MP T916/16512 Kanagawa Japan /1997 Automotive Sun ATT Solution Center Industry HPC USA /1997 Telecomm IBM Chase Manhattan Industry SP P2SC 120 MHz New York USA /1997 Finance SGI MIT/Lincoln Laboratory Academic T3E900 AC32-64 Cambridge USA / Sun RAG Informatik Industry HPC MHz Germany / Sun American Express Industry HPC USA /1998 Database IBM Telecom Denmark (Danadata) Industry SP P2SC 160 MHz Denmark /1997 Database IBM MCI Industry SP2/104 USA /1994 Telecomm IBM NIH (National Institutes of Health) Research SP2/104 Bethesda USA / Digital Los Alamos National Laboratory /CNLS Academic Avalon Cluster Los Alamos USA / Fujitsu ECMWF Research VPP300/9 Reading UK /1997 Weather Sun Ameritech Industry HPC USA /1998 Telecomm Sun Worldcom Industry HPC USA /1998 Telecomm Fujitsu Kansai University Academic VPP300/8E Japan / Fujitsu Osaka Gas., Ltd Industry VPP300/8E Osaka Japan /1998 Chemistry

21 20 Top500 Supercomputers -Worldwide 321 SGI US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) Research POWER CHALLENGEarray Aberdeen USA / IBM Citicorp Industry SP2/98 USA /1996 Finance SGI Lunds Tekniska Hvgskola Academic ORIGIN MHz Sweden / IBM Maui High-Performance Computing Center (MHPCC) Research SP2/96 USA / Sun DoD Classied HPC MHz USA / Sun Mississippi State University Academic HPC MHz Starkeville USA / SGI/SNI Universitaet Dresden Academic ORIGIN 2000 Dresden Germany / SGI UCSD/San Diego Supercomputer Center Academic Y-MP T916/14512 San Diego USA / IBM Western Geophysical Industry SP P2SC 120 MHz Houston USA /1997 Geophysics IBM Western Geophysical Industry SP P2SC 160 MHz Houston USA /1998 Geophysics NEC National Inst. for Molecular Science Research SX-3/34R Okazaki Japan / NEC VW (Volkswagen AG) Industry SX-3/34R Wolfsburg Germany /1996 Automotive Sun ATT CDW Industry HPC USA /1998 Telecomm Sun Enron Capital Industry HPC Houston USA / Sun Federal Express Industry HPC USA /1997 Database Sun General Electric Supply Industry HPC USA /1997 Database Sun Merril Lynch Industry HPC USA /1998 Finance Sun National Semiconductors Industry HPC USA /1997 Electronics Sun Origin/ Halliburton Industry HPC USA /1997 Energy Sun Origin/ Halliburton Industry HPC USA /1997 Energy

22 Sun Universitaet Koeln Academic HPC Koeln Germany / Sun WBSG/BB Data Industry HPC Germany /1997 Database Fujitsu Nippon University Academic VPP300/8 Japan / Fujitsu/SNI Universitaet Aachen Academic VPP300/8 Aachen Germany / Fujitsu Western Geophysical Industry VPP300/8 Houston USA /1997 Geophysics IBM Chip Manufacturer (F) Industry SP P2SC 160 MHz Israel / Sun Moore Corporation Industry HPC USA / IBM UNI-C Academic SP2/88 Lyngby Denmark / IBM Western Geophysical Industry SP P2SC 135 MHz London UK /1997 Geophysics Sun Cincinnati Bell Information Systems (CBIS) Industry HPC Cleveland USA /1997 Telecomm Sun Cincinnati Bell Information Systems (CBIS) Industry HPC Cleveland USA /1997 Telecomm IBM Chip Manufacturer (E) Industry SP P2SC 135 MHz USA / Sun Allianz Industry HPC MHz Germany /1998 Finance Sun Waste Management Industry HPC MHz USA /1998 Database SGI NCSA Research POWER CHALLENGEarray Urbana-Champaign USA / IBM Centre de Supercomputacio de Catalunya Academic SP P2SC 120 MHz Barcelona Spain / SGI Chrysler Motors Company Industry ORIGIN 2000 Detroit USA /1998 Automotive SGI Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo Industry ORIGIN 2000 Mexico /1997 Geophysics SGI MS Financing Research ORIGIN 2000 USA / SGI EDS/General Motors Industry Y-MP T932/ Auburn Hills USA /1997 Automotive

23 SGI US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) Research Y-MP T916/ Aberdeen USA / SGI US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) Research Y-MP T916/12512 Aberdeen USA / NEC ATR Optical Communication Lab Research SX-4/8 Japan / NEC German Aerospace Laboratory (DLR) Research SX-4/8 Goettingen Germany /1996 Aerospace NEC NEC Research Laboratories Research SX-4/8A Japan / NEC NEC Research Laboratories Research SX-4/8A Japan / NEC National Geographic Agency Research SX-4/8 Japan / Sun Allstate Insurance Industry HPC Chicago USA /1998 Database Sun Enron Capital Industry HPC Houston USA / Sun GTE Communications Industry HPC USA /1997 Telecomm Sun KT Freetel Industry HPC Seoul Korea / Sun Kwiksave Industry HPC UK /1997 Database Sun Kwiksave Industry HPC UK /1997 Database Sun Rubbermaid Industry HPC USA / Sun Rubbermaid Industry HPC USA / Sun Texas Instruments Industry HPC USA /1998 Electronics Intel Caltech Research XP/S35 Pasadena USA / Intel Oak Ridge National Laboratory Research XP/S35 Oak Ridge USA / TMC Geco-Prakla Industry CM-5/256 Houston USA /1994 Geophysics TMC Geco-Prakla Industry CM-5/256 Houston USA /1995 Geophysics

24 TMC Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Research CM-5/256 Washington D.C. USA / Hewlett-Packard Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) Classied Exemplar X-Class Arnold AFB USA / Hewlett-Packard CILEA Research Exemplar X-Class Milano Italy / Hewlett-Packard DoD Classied Classied Exemplar X-Class USA / Hewlett-Packard ETH Research Exemplar X-Class Zuerich Switzerland / Hewlett-Packard Hilti Industry Exemplar X-Class Schaan Liechtenstein / Hewlett-Packard Martin-Luther Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg Academic Exemplar X-Class Halle Germany / Hewlett-Packard Ritzumeikan Research Exemplar X-Class Japan / Hewlett-Packard Tokyo University Academic Exemplar X-Class Tokyo Japan / Hewlett-Packard Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP) Academic Exemplar X-Class Japan / Hewlett-Packard Zydeco Energy Research Exemplar X-Class USA / Hewlett-Packard Zydeco Energy Research Exemplar X-Class USA / Sun Tokyo Mitsubishi Bank Industry HPC London UK / IBM EP Company (A) Industry SP P2SC 160 MHz UK /1998 Geophysics IBM EP Company (A) Industry SP P2SC 160 MHz UK /1998 Geophysics IBM EP Company (A) Industry SP P2SC 160 MHz UK /1998 Geophysics IBM EP Company (A) Industry IBM EP Company (A) Industry IBM EP Company (A) Industry IBM EP Company (A) Industry

25 IBM EP Company (A) Industry IBM EP Company (A) Industry IBM EP Company (A) Industry IBM EP Company (A) Industry IBM EP Company (A) Industry IBM EP Company (A) Industry IBM EP Company (A) Industry IBM EP Company (A) Industry IBM EP Company (A) Industry IBM EP Company (A) Industry IBM EP Company (A) Industry IBM EP Company (A) Industry IBM EP Company (A) Industry IBM EP Company (A) Industry IBM EP Company (A) Industry IBM DKFZ Research SP2/78 Heidelberg Germany / Hitachi Central Res. Inst. of Electric Power Ind./CRIEPI Research SR2201/64 Japan / Hitachi Hitachi RCS Vendor SR2201/64 Ebina Japan / Hitachi Japan Atomic Energy Research Research SR2201/64 Japan / Hitachi Suzuki Motor Industry SR2201/64 Japan /1997 Automotive

26 25 Top500 Supercomputers -Worldwide 421 IBM Otelo Industry SP P2SC 120 MHz Essen Germany / SGI TU Berlin Academic T3E900 AC Berlin Germany / SGI Technische Universitaet Braunschweig Academic T3E900 AC Braunschweig Germany / IBM Leibniz Rechenzentrum Academic SP2/77 Muenchen Germany / IBM PIK Research SP2/77 Potsdam Germany / IBM Sears Product Service Group Industry SP2/77 USA /1996 Database IBM Sears Roebuck Industry SP2/77 USA /1996 Database Hitachi Central Res. Inst. of Electric Power Ind./CRIEPI Research S-3800/280 Japan / Sun RAG Informatik Industry HPC Germany / Sun Worldcom Industry HPC USA /1997 Telecomm IBM Atomic Weapons Establishment Classied SP2/75 Aldermaston UK / IBM Pennsylvania State University Academic SP2/75 USA / Digital MIT, Lab for Computer Science Research AlphaServer 4100 Cluster Cambridge USA / IBM CENAPAD-MG/CO Research SP P2SC 120 MHz Belo Horizonte Brazil / SGI ICM2/KBN Academic T3E AC Warsaw Poland / SGI Max-Planck-Gesellschaft MPI/Klimarechenzentrum Research T3E AC Hamburg Germany / IBM EP Company (D) Industry SP P2SC 160 MHz USA /1998 Geophysics Intel Caltech Academic Delta Pasadena USA / IBM Nuclear Power Engineering Industry SP2/72 Japan /1995 Energy Sun ATT Industry HPC USA /