Agenda. General Organiza/on and architecture Structural/func/onal view of a computer Evolu/on/brief history of computer.

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Octavia Olivia Hardy
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2 UNIT I: OVERVIEW

3 Agenda General Organiza/on and architecture Structural/func/onal view of a computer Evolu/on/brief history of computer.

4 Architecture & Organiza/on Computer Architecture is those abributes visible to the programmer or those abributes that have a direct impact on the logical execu/on of a program Instruc/on set, number of bits used for data representa/on, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. e.g. Is there a mul/ply instruc/on? Computer Organiza<on refers to the opera/onal units & their interconnec/ons that realize the architectural specifica/ons. Basically, it is about how features are implemented. Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. e.g. Is there a hardware mul/ply unit or is it done by repeated addi/on?

5 Structure & Func/on Structure is the way in which components relate to each other Func/on is the opera/on of individual components as part of the structure

6 Func/on All computer func/ons are: Data processing: Process data Data storage: Store data Data movement: Move data between itself & outside world. When data are received from or delivered to a device that is directly connected to the computer, the process is known as I/O and the device is known as peripheral. When data are moved to or from a remote device, the process is known as data communica/ons. Control: Controls the above three func/ons by an individual who provides the computer with instruc/ons.

7 Func/onal view A Functional View of the Computer

8 Opera/ons (1) Data movement Transferring data from one peripheral or communica/on line to another. e.g. Camera abached to a PC, sending the frames to a window on the screen of the same PC.

9 Opera/ons (2) Storage Data transferred from the external environment to computer storage & vice-versa. e.g. Playing an mp3 file stored in memory to earphones abached to the same PC.

10 Opera/on (3) Processing from/to storage Data processing on data in storage. e.g. Any number-crunching applica/on that takes data from memory and stores the result back in memory

11 Opera/on (4) Processing from storage to I/O Data processing on data en-route between storage & external environment. e.g. Receiving packets over a network interface, verifying their CRC, then storing them in memory.

12 Structure - Top Level Peripherals Computer Computer Communication lines Controls the opera/on of computer & performs its data processing func/ons. Mechanism that provides for communica/on among CPU, main memory & I/O. e.g. system bus Central Processing Unit Systems Interconnection Input Output Main Memory Moves data between computer & its external environment Stores data

13 Structure - The CPU CPU I/O Computer System Bus Memory CPU Provides storage internal to CPU Mechanism that provides for communica/on among CU, ALU & registers Registers Internal CPU Interconnection Control Unit Arithmetic and Login Unit Performs computer s data processing func/ons Controls the opera/on of CPU

14 Structure - The Control Unit Control Unit ALU CPU Internal Bus Registers Control Unit Sequencing Login Control Unit Registers and Decoders Control Memory

15 Evolu/on of Computers FIRST GENERATION ( ) Program and data reside in the same memory (stored program concepts John von Neumann) ALP was made used to write programs Vacuum tubes were used to implement the func/ons (ALU & CU design) Magne/c core and magne/c tape storage devices are used Using electronic vacuum tubes, as the switching components

16 SECOND GENERATION ( ) Transistor were used to design ALU & CU HLL is used (FORTRAN) To convert HLL to MLL compiler were used Separate I/O processor were developed to operate in parallel with CPU, thus improving the performance Inven/on of the transistor which was faster, smaller and required considerably less power to operate

17 THIRD GENERATION ( ) IC technology improved Improved IC technology helped in designing low cost, high speed processor and memory modules Mul/programming, pipelining concepts were incorporated DOS allowed efficient and coordinate opera/on of computer system with mul/ple users Cache and virtual memory concepts were developed More than one circuit on a single silicon chip became available

18 FOURTH GENERATION ( ) CPU Termed as microprocessor INTEL, MOTOROLA, TEXAS,NATIONAL semiconductors started developing microprocessor Worksta/ons, microprocessor (PC) & Notebook computers were developed Interconnec/on of different computer for beber communica/on LAN,MAN,WAN Computa/onal speed increased by 1000 /mes Specialized processors like Digital Signal Processor were also developed

19 BEYOND THE FOURTH GENERATION (1985 TILL DATE) E-Commerce, E- banking, home office ARM, AMD, INTEL, MOTOROLA High speed processor - GHz speed Because of submicron IC technology lot of added features in small size

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