Managing the Growing Energy Cost of the Internet : Rod Tucker

Transcription

1 Managing the Growing Energy Cost of the Internet : Rod Tucker University of Melbourne

2 Energy and the Internet Video Distribution Network Energy The Internet In Data Center The Cloud Access Network Data Out Why is Energy Important? Operational Expenditure Greenhouse Impact Energy-limited capacity bottlenecks ( hot spots ) Enabling energy efficiencies in other sectors

3 Estimated power consumption of Internet Global electricity supply Power Consumption (W) Power Consumption of Internet 0% p.a. Improvement in technology 15% p.a. Improvement in technology 40% p.a. Data growth 10% p.a. Growth in user numbers billion users Year Tucker et al., OFC

4 Internet and home appliances Electricity consumption (TWh/a) Source: Institute for Applied Ecology, EU report,

5 Power/Energy Consumption Metrics Total power Power consumption per throughput Energy per bit (power per bit rate) Power consumption per good put Energy per customer bit etc Some trends... 5

6 Inside the Internet Core Network Optical Transport Network Metro/Edge Network Access Network Core Routers Broadband Network Gateways Ethernet Switch DSLAM Cu DSL Edge Routers OLT PON Splitter Fibre FTTP Fibre Hot spots OLT ONU Cabinet DSLAM FTTN Cu Server Storage Data Center 6

7 Trends in Transport Energy Consumption Energy / Bit / 1000 km (J) First Trans- Atlantic Marconi Trans-Atlantic Fessenden Trans-Atlantic Newhaven - Azores NY - Paris Key West - Havana ~15% improvement p.a. TAT-1 TAT-5 TAT-3 TAT-9 TAT-11 TAT-12/13 TAT-8 TAT Year Wireless Telegraphy Coax Optical + Regen Optical + EDFA Terrestrial systems Source: Tucker 2011,

8 Trends in Router Energy Consumption Router Energy Efficiency Cisco AGS Energy per bit (nj) nano-joules per bit Wellfleet BCN Cisco GSR Cisco GSR 12000b Avici TSR 30% p.a. Improvement 15% p.a. Improvement Cisco CRS-1 ALU7750 Cisco CRS Year CRS-X Sources: Nielsen, Cisco 8

9 Power Consumption of Single-Rack Routers 1,000,000 Power consumption (W) 100,000 10,000 1, Gb/s 100 nj/bit 10 nj/bit Sources: METI, 2006, Nordman, 2007 Cisco CRS-X and Juniper T4000 Data Sheets, 2014 G. Epps, Cisco, Tb/s Router Throughput 1 nj/bit ~ 1.5 nj/bit Multi-rack CRS-X 1 Pb/s 9

10 Energy consumption in data centres Conversion Loss Lighting Burden factor = 2.0 ICT Infrastructure Cooling Burden factor = 1.1 to 2.0 associated with cooling, conversion/distribution and lighting % 35% 15% Server Storage Network Sources: EYP Mission Critical Facilities, Cisco IT, Network World, Customer Interviews, APC

11 Data Centers Processing Networking Storage Load-Balancing Switches Border Routers 17% of traffic to users 8% of traffic to other data centers Aggregation Switches Racktop Switches Racks of Servers 75% of traffic stays in data center Source: Cisco Global Cloud Index: Forecast & Methodology

12 Power Consumption of Storage Tier Average Energy Efficiency (W/TB) Average Energy Efficiency (W/TB) Solid State Disk Hi-performance Hard Disk Drive Capacity HDD Massive Array of Idle Disks HDD Removable (tape/optical disk) Source: Horman & Campbell 2014

13 Cost of HDD Storage $1mill Hard drive cost per Gigabyte (USD) $100k $10k $1k $100 $ :US$0.03/GB $1 $0.1 $ Source: (Matt Komorowski 9-Mar-2014) 13

14 Access Network Energy Consumption 30 Wireless Power Per User (W) HFC FTTN FTTP (PON) 0 PON is greenest Peak Access Rate (Mb/s) Source: Baliga et al., OFC

15 Putting it All Together 15

16 Network Energy per User Bit 100 Energy per User bit (µj) Core and Metro Switches/Routers FTTP Access Total Optical Transport Year Tucker et al., OFC

17 Gap Between Theory and Practice 10-4 Network Energy per Bit (J) Transport Transport Global Network Access Switches Lower Bounds Current Trends x Year Tucker, JSTQE

18 Gap Between Theory and Practice Protocols, DSP, device efficiency, interconnects, system margins and penalties, etc P Total Inefficiency P function Function P overhead Overhead Management and power overheads, interconnects, etc. Subsystem 18

19 Gap Between Theory and Practice 19

20 Diurnal Traffic Variations Italy North America Network Traffic Equipment power consumption Real Ideal Traffic (b/s) 20

21 Photo Sharing on the Cloud Stunning growth of Facebook traffic: 240+ billion photos 350+ million photos added per day 750+ million photos were uploaded over New Year s Eve Tera-Byte memory added per month Facebook reports its annual data center energy consumption Then Now

22 Facebook Ecosystem Data Centre Data Centre Distant Access Edge Core Edge Access Access Data Centre Content Distribution Network Local Hot & Warm photos are distributed by a Content Delivery Network Cold Photos are distributed directly from data centres

23 Photo Sharing Energy Facebook 2012 total data centre IT energy : 516 GWh (Source: Facebook) Total network energy consumption: 304 GWh (Jalali et al., 2014) Photo sharing network energy 60% of FB total data centre IT energy Wireless (4G/LTE) access network is main energy consumer Energy per photo: ~ 10 Wh per year (1 mw average continuous) 12 GWh 292 GWh

24 Improving network energy efficiency Plenty of scope for improvement Some approaches New technologies and Moore s law Low-energy circuit design Improved network architectures Improved data protocols 24

25 Optimization of Video on Demand Core Network Metro/Edge Network Access Network Server Storage Server Storage Direct optical link to edge router Distant IPTV Server Local IPTV Server Each movie is replicated on R servers Key Issue: Trade off between energy for storage and energy for delivery 25

26 Delivery of Streaming IPTV 100 Energy per download (Wh) (log scale) R = 2 R = 20 R = 200 R = 2000 P2P Downloads per hour Baliga et al., OFC,

27 Delivery of Streaming IPTV 10 3 R = 20 Total Power per movie (W) Transport Video Servers Storage Downloads per hour Baliga et al., OFC,

28 Data by Mail vs. Data by the Internet Data by Mail: Cargo Jet GB micro SD cards Melbourne 2x10 4 Kg CO 2 (24 hours) Sydney Data by Internet: 1.3x10 8 GB 1000 Gb/s for 10 6 seconds The Internet 10 µj/bit 2x10 6 Kg CO 2 (1 month) 28

29 Energy Efficiency and Rebound Jevon s paradox (Rebound effect) Improving efficiency will stimulate economic activity & increase power consumption Reduce energy costs Reduce energy consumption Improve energy efficiency Jevon s Paradox cycle Stimulate demand Intended cycle Increase energy consumption 29

30 GeSI: SMARTer 2020 Report ICT can contribute to global abatement of emissions Source: GeSI Smarter 2020,

31 Travel Replacement by Video Conferencing Air Travel Business Meeting Melbourne ~500 kg/person return Sydney Video Conferencing 2 X 1 Gb/s for 6 hours = 3 TB ~15 kg/person 31

32 Rod s Telecommute Calculator 100,000 10,000 Tele-work Business Meeting in Canberra Distance travelled (km) 1, Bicycle Telecommute Train Plane Car Travel Mb/s-hr Gb/s-hr Bitrate-Time Product 32

33 Conclusions Energy consumption of the network is growing Access network energy dominates Core and metro networking to overtake access in ~2020 Optical transport is relatively green Beware the cloud Many opportunities for improving network energy efficiency Technologies and circuits Architectures Protocols And more... 33

34 Embodied Energy Source: GHG Protocol ICT Sector Guidance Guide for assessing GHG emissions of hardware,