WIRELESS ATM AND AD-HOC NETWORKS. Protocols and Architectures

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1 WIRELESS ATM AND AD-HOC NETWORKS Protocols and Architectures

2 WIRELESS ATM AND AD-HOC NETWORKS Protocols and Architectures C-K Toh, Ph.D. University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC

3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Toh, C. -K. (Chai-Keong) Wireless A TM and AD-HOC networks protoeols and arehiteetures / C -K Toh. p. em. Ineludes bibliographieal referenees and index. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Asynehronous transfer mode. 3. Mobile eommunication systems. 2. Wireless eomrnunieation systems. 4. Teleeomrnunieation--Switehing systems. 5. Multimedia systems. 1. Title TK T I 6--DC CIP Copyright 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York Fourth Printing 2001 Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1997 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1997 All rights reserved. No part of this publieation may be reprodueed, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, meehanieal, photoeopying, reeording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Springer-Science+Business Media, LLC. Printed an acid-free paper. This printing is a digital duplication ofthe original edition.

4 DEDICATION This book is dedicated to: My Parents

5 CONTENTS DEDICATION PREFACE v xiii 1 MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTING The Evolution of Mobile Communications Global Mobile Communications Wide Area Mobile Communications Local Area Mobile Communications Mobility and Adaptability Mobile Computing Research Challenges in Mobile Computing Chapter Summary 15 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF ATM AND WIRELESS ATM NETWORKS Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM Protocols ATM Forum Wireless ATM Working Group Wireless ATM Concepts Wireless ATM Protocols Chapter Summary 33 3 ARCHITECTURES OF HIGH SPEED WIRELESS ATM NETWORKS Introduction 35

6 Vlll WIRELESS ATM AND AD-Hoc NETWORKS 3.2 ETSI HIPERLAN and IEEE America's SUPERNET and Europe's RACE MBS Architecture Based On Rapid Deployment Architecture Based On Mobile Representative Architecture Based On Distributed Control Architecture Based On Hierarchical Organisation Architecture Based On Intelligent Network Architecture Based On Virtual Path Overlay Cambridge Wireless ATM LAN Architecture Chapter Summary 68 4 ROUTING AND CROSSOVER ATM SWITCH DISCOVERY Introduction Link-State Routing Distance-Vector Routing Minimum-Hop Routing ATM Forum's P-NNI Routing IETF I-PNNI Routing ATM Connection Management Schemes Crossover Switch Discovery Implementation Outlines of CX Discovery Mobile Quality of Service Chapter Summary 99 5 WIRELESS ATM HAND OVER PROTOCOL DESIGN Introduction Existing Handover Schemes Classification of Handoff Issues Handover Protocol Design Issues Handover Protocol Using Radio Hint Handover Protocol Without Radio Hint Handover Protocol Summary Chapter Summary 134

7 Contents ix 6 WIRELESS ATM HAND OVER PROTOCOL IMPLEMENTATION Objective Cambridge Fairisle ATM Switch Wanda Micro-Kernel MSNA ATM Protocol Suite Experimental Prototype Model Performance Comparisons of CR Modules Implementation Results and Performance Evaluation Comparisons and Related Work Design and Implementation Applicability Chapter Summary ROAMING BETWEEN WIRELESS ATM LANS Objective Wireless LAN Organisation Inter Wireless ATM LAN Roaming Handover of A Connection Within A WATM LAN Handover of A Connection Across WATM LANs Handover of A Connection Across Multiple WATM LANs Consistency During Inter WATM LAN Handovers Chapter Summary UNICAST AND MULTICAST: A UNIFYING HAND OVER PARADIGM Objective IP and ATM Multicasting Multicast Routing Protocols Mobile Multicast Connection Establishment Handovers of Mobile Multicast Connections Inter-Cluster Handovers of Multicast Connections Intra-Cluster Handovers of Multicast Connections Uniform and Unified Handovers Discussion Chapter Summary 191

8 x WIRELESS ATM AND AD-Hoc NETWORKS 9 THE CAMBRIDGE AD-HOC MOBILE ROUTING PROTOCOL Objective Characteristics of Ad-Hoc Mobile Networks A Mobile CSCW Application Early Ad-Hoc Mobile Routing Schemes Current Ad-Hoc Mobile Routing Schemes Principles of ABR: Associativity-Based Routing ABR Protocol Description Comparisons with Existing Protocols Dynamic Cell Size Adjustment Scheme (DCSAS) Comparing with ETSI HIPERLAN Ad-Hoc Mobile Quality of Service Chapter Summary CONCLUSION Current Trends and Future of Wireless ATM Future Research Work Vision 2000 and Beyond 235 APPENDICES 239 A B FORMAL STATEMENTS OF CX DISCOVERY ALGORITHMS 241 A.l Loose Select CX Discovery 241 A.2 Prior Path Knowledge CX Discovery 242 A.3 Prior Path Optimal Resultant CX Discovery 243 A.4 Distributed Hunt CX Discovery 244 A.5 Backward Tracking CX Discovery 245 HAND OVER PROTOCOL STATE MACHINES 247 B.1 With-Hint Handover Protocol State Machines 248 B.2 Without-Hint Handover Protocol State Machines 249

9 Contents Xl C D PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CX DISCOVERY SCHEMES 251 C.1 Objective 251 C.2 Mobile Network Simulation Model 252 C.3 Performance Evaluation of CX Discovery Algorithms 258 CA Overall Performance Evaluation Summary 271 C.5 Chapter Summary 275 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ABR AND DCSAS 277 D.1 Objective 277 D.2 ABR Simulation and Performance Evaluation 277 D.3 ABR Simulation Results and Observations 281 DA DCSAS Simulation and Performance Evaluation 288 D.5 Chapter Summary 290 REFERENCES 293 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 309 INDEX 311

10 PREFACE I would like to thank the following for agreeing to act as my book advisors (not necessarily acting as reviewers): Professor Imrich Chlamtac, Boston University Professor Anthony Ephremides, University of Maryland Professor Jason Lin Y-B, National Chiao Tong University Professor K-C Chen, National Tsing Hua University Dr. Ram Ramanathan, Bolt Beranek & Newman Dr. Arvind Krishna, IBM T J Watson Research Center Dr. Mark Karol, Bell Laboratories Dr. Ramon Caceres, Bell Laboratories Dr. Rafael Alonso, David Sarnoff Research Center The support given by the publisher cannot be underrated. I would like to thank him for his efforts to get this project going. The enthusiasm expressed by Beate, Rob Wallach, Son K. Dao, Mike, Vi, Benny and members of the Cambridge Mobile Special Interest Group is also appreciated. The main aim of this book is to address the protocol and architecture aspects of Wireless ATM and ad-hoc networks. Given the great enthusiasm shown by people in industries and academic institutions in the area of high speed networks and wireless multi-media networks, a book describing the state-ofthe-art Wireless ATM technology becomes a necessity. This book hopes to fulfil the quest for a consolidated source of reference for Wireless ATM and ad-hoc networks.

11 xiv WIRELESS ATM AND AD-Hoc NETWORKS Although I have been working on Wireless ATM since 1993, this field is still very new to many other technical professionals. Hence, Chapter 1 and 2 are included in this book to provide the necessary foundation for the understanding of mobile communications, computing, ATM and Wireless ATM. With the 'ball' rolling, Chapter 3 provides a comprehensive review of existing Wireless ATM network architectures specified by both commercial and standardisation bodies. The features and system components associated with each of these architectures are discussed, allowing readers to understand what constitutes a Wireless ATM network. It also gives the reader an overall idea of how these architectures differ from one another and what are their specific objectives. With the Wireless ATM architecture in mind, the reader is presented with Chapter 4 which discusses issues related to routing, crossover switch discovery and mobile quality of service (QoS). Readers will become aware of the problems associated with mobile routing and how different does it differs from routing for static networks and why crossover switching discovery is needed. The reader will also gain greater insights into what is the definition of mobile QoS and to what degree it is different from the wireline ATM QoS. Chapter 5 presents the most interesting challenge for mobile networks - that of supporting terminal mobility. A review of existing handover schemes found in connectionless and connection-oriented Wireless LANs are presented, revealing at which layers of the protocol stack are these schemes attempting to implement mobility support. Handover design issues are then presented, followed by a detailed design of a hybrid handover protocol. Chapter 6 carry forward the concepts of handover design into actual prototype implementation of the handover protocol. Readers will benefit from knowing how mobility functions can be implemented into ATM switches, base stations and mobile hosts. This chapter has revealed that ATM can be used to support high speed handovers. Chapter 7 discusses roaming between Wireless ATM LANs. This is important as it is common to partition a large network into multiple LANs. Hence, the underlying routing and handover mechanisms must be able to support such roaming. The bits and pieces begin to form a picture in Chapter 8, where it is shown how handovers of both unicast and multicast mobile connections can be handled in a uniform and unified manner, using similar handover protocol and switch

12 Preface xv discovery scheme. This chapter reveals the need to pursue a thorough design in order to fulfil a variety of mobility-related requirements, which unfortunately have not been considered by other researchers and standardisation bodies. Chapter 9 presents another interesting topic on routing for ad-hoc mobile networks. It provides background material for readers to understand the basics of ad-hoc networks and why routing in ad-hoc networks is difficult and different from Wireless ATM networks. The Cambridge ad-hoc routing protocol, also known as associativity-based routing, is described in detail in this chapter. This book concludes by providing greater opportunities for research and development work and a vision of future wireless systems. Researchers and engineers will find the performance evaluation work enclosed in the appendices useful as they reveal how protocol performance can be evaluated through simulation on mobile networks. The opinions expressed in this book are mine and they do not represent those of the University of Cambridge, in whole or in parts. I welcome you to this exciting field of Wireless ATM and ad-hoc networks. C-K Toh King's College University of Cambridge United Kingdom

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