Optical routers for energy-efficient network -VICTORIES project for optical path routing-

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1 Optical routers for energy-efficient network -VICTORIES project for optical path routing- Hiroshi Ishikawa Network Photonics Research Center National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 1

2 Outline Background Network traffic and router power consumption in video concentric era Concept of dynamic optical path VICTORIES project supported by MEXT Technical achievements so far Demonstration of dynamic optical path network (DOPN) collaborating with NICT and NHK(NEDO project) 2

3 Internet traffic and router power consumption in Japan Router power consumption (x kwh) Total power generation (2007) Video contents orders of magnitude 1.36Tb/s(Nov. 2009) reduction ,000 10,000 1, Ttal internet traffic(tbps)

4 Internet traffic forecast for individuals in Japan ( ) Internet traffic (EB/Month) MIC data (0.32 EB) Consumer Internet Traffic Web, , and Data File Sharing(P2P) Video Gaming Voice Total traffic 1.39 times/year Video 1.70 times/year File sharing 1.21 times/year Web, 1.24 time/year source: Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology,

5 Power consumption of high end router Ether frame (Max1.5kB) IP Packet(1.6kB) Frames and packets are processed electrically by LSI, Power consumption is proportional to traffic. The LSI consumes 50% of the total router power consumption Alaxala IP router AX7816R Throughput : 768 Gbps Power consumption:4.4 kw 5.7 nj/bit 5.7 kw/tbps Cisco CRS-1( -3) (80 racks) Throughput :92 Tbps(322Tbps) Power consumption:~1mw(~2.2mw) ~ 10 nj/bit (~6 nj/bit) ~ 10 kw/tbps 2MW including airconditionings 100Tbps routers 100 nodes 200 MW (Almost power generation plant) 5

Dynamic Optical Path Network for energy and video IP: Process every packet for routing Optical

transmission lines Energy ~ throughput Computation per packet >6kW/Tbps Extremely low energy

good control plane Need numerous fibers Switching over space/paths rather than time/packets Use of

6 Dynamic Optical Path Network for energy and video IP: Process every packet for routing Optical Path: Set up end-to-end paths Finely granular, flexible For numerous users with limited transmission lines Energy ~ throughput Computation per packet >6kW/Tbps Extremely low energy (Optically transparent) ~ W/port ~ 10 W/Tbps at 100G x 100 port Limited switch-port number Need a good control plane Need numerous fibers Switching over space/paths rather than time/packets Use of SDM => Energy savings by several orders of magnitude 6 S. Namiki, et al., MIT Microphotonics Center Fall Meeting 2010

7 Image of future network capacity: 1,000-10,000 times Power: 3 order reduction Video concentric service User bandwidth: Gbps NW managing technology Path network Node; Path control, Tunable dispersion compensation Optical path switch hub Video IP network Ubiquitous

Organization of VICTORIES project (Since July 2008, renewed this April) Vertically Integrated Center for Technologies of Optical Routing toward Ideal Energy Savings Network Architecture Study Group

Sato) AIST Network-Application Interface Information Technology RI Dynamic node NTT Multiple granularity, Wavelength routing NEC, Network Photonics RC Fujitsu, Sumitomo Electric Optical Path

8 Organization of VICTORIES project (Since July 2008, renewed this April) Vertically Integrated Center for Technologies of Optical Routing toward Ideal Energy Savings Network Architecture Study Group in collaboration w/ Nagoya Univ. (Prof. K. Sato) AIST Network-Application Interface Information Technology RI Dynamic node NTT Multiple granularity, Wavelength routing NEC, Network Photonics RC Fujitsu, Sumitomo Electric Optical Path Conditioning Optical TDC, Adaptive Path Control Network Photonics RC Optical path processor Furukawa Electric, Trimatiz, NEC, Fujikura, Alnair Laboratory. Large scale silicon photonics SW Wavelength selectable SW Fujitsu Lab. Network Photonics RC NEC, Nano Device RI Frukawa Electric, Hitachi-Cable Storage Manager ストレージ等資源管理 Contents requests コンテンツ要求 Delivery 配信コーディネータ Coordinator Network Manager ネットワーク資源管理ダイナミック Dynamic Optical 光パスネットワーク Path Network Optical 光スイッチ回路 Switches 制御ドライバ回路通信ポート Driver Circuits 高速化技術 High Speed Technology Waveguide 導波路型スイッチ変調器 Switch / Modulator

Optical path network and subjects Schematic image of Dynamic Optical Path (DOP) network 9 Network Application Interface Supply a path with guaranteed bandwidth and

9 Optical path network and subjects Schematic image of Dynamic Optical Path (DOP) network 9 Network Application Interface Supply a path with guaranteed bandwidth and delay, and necessary storages, upon request of users Optical Path Conditioning Dispersion compensation for the path change Silicon Photonics Large scale matrix switch 9

10 Network as resource Dynamically supply guaranteed bandwith and delay optical path, and necessary storages upon request of users demand Sensor Net HPC Net demand Demand CD Net

Network application interface Network resource management system (NTT) Storage resource management system (AIST) Global resource management system (NTT,AIST) NW

11 Network application interface Network resource management system (NTT) Storage resource management system (AIST) Global resource management system (NTT,AIST) NW Resource Mgmt Network Application Interface Optical path network x x x x x x x Global Resource Mgmt. + discovery Storage Resource Mgmt. Admin/User Used in DOPN demo

12 Optical path conditioning; Dispersion compensation Response time is determined by tuning speed of tunable LD(~ nsec) Limiting factors of bandwidth: Wavelength tuning range Fast and wide bandwidth Bandwidth of dispersive media Principle of tunable dispersion compensation FWM-wavelength conversion Dispersion slope can also be compensated Dispersion Pump Signal Tunable dispersion S. Namiki, OFC2008 OWP1 S. Namiki, JLT, 26, p. 28, 2008.

13 Experimental results S. Namiki, ECOC 2008, Tu.4.B.3 Pump: 1557 ~ 1535 nm DSF 126 km DCF km T-SI DCF km GVD [ps 2 ] nm Uniform over 3 THz DSF 126 km nm 1549 nm nm nm nm Frequency Offset [THz] T-SI: Tunable Spectral Inverter Power [A.U.] 1555 ~ 1515 nm Good enough for 2 ps pulses! Input Pulse DSF Output P-TDC Output Time [50 ps/div.] Bandwidth x Dispersion Range = 450 ps (20-125ps for FBG,VIPA) RDS(Relative Dispersion Slope) >> 0.07 nm -1!! (The largest RDS of conventional DCF is 0.02 nm -1 for NZ-DSF.) Used in DOPN demo

14 Fast switching of parametric dispersion compensator Nonlinear fiber by Frukawa Electric, and fast controlling technologies by Trimatiz 224ps 2 178ps 2 P-TDC Pump nm nm 2 s 14 Switching signal Switching time: 2 s K. Tanizawa, et al., Optics Lett, vol.35, p.3039

Applied to 172Gb/s OTDM Experimental setup 43GHz 1.8ps Pulse Source VOA PD 172Gbps OTDM Transmitter LN mod. 0dBm PPG (43Gbps) HNLF 1:1 9:1 23dBm 1x4 Mux (172G 43G) MLLD PC CR Demux (172G 43G) DSF (50.

15 Applied to 172Gb/s OTDM Experimental setup 43GHz 1.8ps Pulse Source VOA PD 172Gbps OTDM Transmitter LN mod. 0dBm PPG (43Gbps) HNLF 1:1 9:1 23dBm 1x4 Mux (172G 43G) MLLD PC CR Demux (172G 43G) DSF (50.4km) EDFA DCF-2 Waveforms of signals Parametric TDC HNLF DSF (75.6km) 5dBm 5.5dBm 7.5dBm 15dBm 1:1 20dBm 28dBm 17dBm DCF-1 PC BPF EDFA BPF TLS Bit Error Rates Input 15 Output K. Tanizawa, T. Kurosu, and S. Namiki, Opt. Express 18, (2010).

16 Silicon-photonics optical switch Large scale switch with small size and low-power consumption Size Power cons. Cost Reliability MEMS PLC NA Si-photonics Loss Extinction ratio Polarization dependence Wavelength dependence Image of path-processor by Siphotonics 16

17 N x N matrix switch (Cross-bar configuration) Cross: without power supply Control of one switch can fix the path Control of N switch, not N 2 17

Bar SiO 2 Si SiO 2 125 m Cross Voltage 1.

18 Unit Mach-Zehnder switch TO-MZI switch Cross section of Si-waveguide Heater Electrode Signmal Bar SiO 2 Si SiO m Cross Voltage 1.5V 110 m 100 s Power: 20 mw Response time:40 s 18 Light output

19 Cross talk required to the switch Transmittance (db) Unit-MZI switch In-A to Out-B 'bar' state In-B to Out-B 'bar' state In-A to Out-B 'cross' state In-B to Out-B 'cross' state -50 (a) wavelength (nm) Cross talk SW ER of unit / db switch (db) Required cross talk in large scale switch N= Cross talk at output (db) Bar:25 db Cross:20 db 19

Low cross talk 2 x 2 switch with a new waveguide cross In1 In2 MZI1 MZI2 2 2 switch Intersection MZI3 MZI4 Out1 Out2-10 -20 Input -1 to Output -1 'cross' stateクロス -30 50dB (Bar) Input -1 to 30 Output

20 Low cross talk 2 x 2 switch with a new waveguide cross In1 In2 MZI1 MZI2 2 2 switch Intersection MZI3 MZI4 Out1 Out Input -1 to Output -1 'cross' stateクロス dB (Bar) Input -1 to 30 Output db 'cross' (Cross) state db( Input -1 to Output -1 'bar' state -40 Input -1 to Output -2 'bar' state Transmittance -70 (db) 50 db( (c) Wavelength (nm) Y. Shoji et al., Optics Express, 18, 9071 (2010) Maximally -50dB cross talk was achieved by directional coupler intersection Transmission (db) -10 バー )

21 Current injection type switch (Fujitsu Labs) S. Sekiguchi et al., Current-injection-type Silicon-based Optical Switch withsilicon Germanium Waveguide, 2010 IEEE Photonics Society 23rd Annual Meeting, WW Used in DOPN demo

22 4 x 4 switches used in demonstration experiment 115 m Unit-switch 20mW, Response 40 s 1.5 V 1 Input Output Used in DOPN demo Photograph of 4 x 4 SW Size: 5mm x 5mm 22 22

Demonstration experiment on Aug.25 2010 collaboration with NICT and NHK(NEDO) (NICT) Koganei (NICT) Otemach AIST DOPN (AIST) Akihabara JGN2 Optical path-conditioning Plus Frukawa Electric.

23 Demonstration experiment on Aug collaboration with NICT and NHK(NEDO) (NICT) Koganei (NICT) Otemach AIST DOPN (AIST) Akihabara JGN2 Optical path-conditioning Plus Frukawa Electric., File exchange Trimatiz, NEC Optical path switches Silicon photonics Fujitsu Labs, NEC HD 配信サーバ HD 配信サーバ 100 km fiber path HD 配信サーバ Interface SHV 23 NICT Optical packt/path JGN2 Network application Inteface Upper; O-packet Lower: O-path Plus NTT NICT SW SHV(NHK, NEDO project) Electric packet Optical packet Optical path SHV 配信サーバ AIST SW

24 Demonstration of DOPN 24

25 Power consumption summary Power consumption was 1.2KW for average bit rate of 9Gb/s(1, 10, 43Gb/s). Only two Si-photonics SW was used. If all switches were Si-Photonics, power consumption would be around 0.15KW. In DOPN, power consumption does not depend on the bit rate, while that of IP routing is proportional to the bit rate. Then at higher bit drastic power reduction is feasible.

Traffic and power consumption IP router 10 6 O/E E/O O/E E/O O/E E/O O/E E/O O/E E/O O/E E/O Optical path switching Traffic [Pbit/s] 10 4

26 Traffic and power consumption IP router 10 6 O/E E/O O/E E/O O/E E/O O/E E/O O/E E/O O/E E/O Optical path switching Traffic [Pbit/s] Target Present IP ,000 Power consumption [TWh/year] 3 4 orders of energy reduction can be done 26

27 Power reduction by DOPN (Japan) Total traffic (Tbit/s) Conventional IP network Subscriber (million) Power (TWh/year) IP network with improvement Optical path network Subscriber (million) 3,000 4,000 4,000 Traffic (Tbit/s) 1.36 (100%) 11.7 (30%) 38.6 (5%) Power (TWh/Year) Subscriber (million) ,000 Traffic (Tbit/s) 0 (0%) 27.2 (70%) 744 (95%) Power(TWh/year) Power (TWh/Year)

Internet traffic and router power consumption in Japan Router power consumption (x kwh) 10 14 10 13 10 12 10 11 10 9 10 8 Total power generation (2007) Video

28 Internet traffic and router power consumption in Japan Router power consumption (x kwh) Total power generation (2007) Video contents orders of magnitude 1.36Tb/s(Nov. 2009) reduction ,000 10,000 1, Total internet traffic (Tbps)

29 Summary Basic technologies of dynamic optical path network were developed. Low power consumption of DOPN was demonstrated. DOPN is an essential infrastructure for information technology based green society. VICTORIES project continues with 10 collaborating companies for the next 7 years.

Vertically Integrated Center for Technologies of Optical Routing toward Ideal Energy Savings (VICTORIES)

Vertically Integrated Center for Technologies of Optical Routing toward Ideal Energy Savings (VICTORIES) Hiroshi Ishikawa Network Photonics Research Center National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science