U (N OPERA TIONSRE-R090 U ::-- [;.C A *RES IL') I 8 MAY 1990 FINAL REPORT. physical dynamics. inc. SSBN TACTICAL SECURITY EXERCISE SIMULATOR

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1 *RES physcal dynamcs. nc. OPERA TONSRE-R090 L') U (N FNAL REPORT SSBN TACTCAL SECURTY EXERCSE SMULATOR AND TACTCAL DEVELOPMENT COMPUTER PROGRAM CONTRACT #No C MAY A SUBMTTED BY: PHYSCAL DYNAMCS, NC. RES OPERATONS :. P. 0. BOX 9505 ARLNGTON, VA U ::-- [;.C A

2 * FNAL REPORT SSBN TACTCAL SECURTY EXERCSE SMULATOR AND TACTCAL DEVELOPMENT COMPUTER PROGRAM "NTRACT #N C-0063 *.~~s~rfor 8 MAY 1990, SUBMTTED BY:.ED on PHYSCAL DYNAMCS, NC. RES OPERATONS P. 0. BOX 9505 ARLNGTON, VA 22209,a r s

3 UNCLASSFED SECURTY CLASSFCATON OF THS a. REPORT SECURTY CLASSFCATON UNCLASSFED PAGE REPORT DOCUMENTATON PAGE lb RESTRCTVE MARKNGS 2a. SECURTY CLASSFCATON AUTHORTY 3 DSTRBUTON/AVALABLTY OF REPORT NOT APPLCABLE 2b. DECLASSFCATON / DOWNGRADNG SCHEDULE NOT APPLCABLE NONE UNLMTED 4 PERFORMNG ORGANZATON REPORT NUMBER(S) S MONTORNG ORGANZATON REPORT NUMBER(S) NONE 6a NAME OF PERFORMNG ORGANZATON 6b OFFCE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONTORNG ORGANZATON PHYSCAL DYNAMCS, NC. (f applcable) OFFCE OF NAVAL RESEARCH RES OPERATONS 6c. ADDRESS (C/ty, State, and ZPCode) 7b. ADDRESS (Cty, Stare, and ZP Code) 1601 N. KENT STREET, # N. QUNCY STREET ARLNGTON, VA ARLNGTON, VA S8,. NAME OF FUNDNG/SPONSORNG Bb. OFFCE SYMBOL 9. PROCUREMENT NSTRUMENT DENTFCATON NUMBER ORGANZATON (f applcable) OFFCE OF NAVAL RESEARCH 511A:RMD R&T # 220h / (122) Bc ADDRESS (Cty, State, and ZP Code) 10 SOURCE OF FUNDNG NUMBERS Same S as tem 7b. PROGRAM PROJECT TASK WORK UNT ELEMENT NO. NO. NO. ACCESSON NO. 1 1 Same as 9. TTLE (nclude Securty Classfcaton) SSBN TACTCAL SECURTY EXERCSE SMULATOR AND TACTCAL DEVELOPMENT COMPUTER PROGRAM 12 PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) CAPT Gerald E. Green, USN(Ret.) and Dr. Gregory Korzenewsk 13a. TYPE OF REPORT 113b TME COVERED 114 DATE OF REPORT (Year, Month, Day) us PAGE COUNT FNAL TECHNCAL FROM NOV 86 TO AR 90! 1990 MAY SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATON NONE 17 COSAT CODES 18. SUBJECT TERMS (Contnue on reverse f necessary and dentfy by block number) FELD GROUP SUB-GROUP TACTCAL SECURTY, EXERCSE SMULATOR, TACTCAL DEVELOPMENT, COMPUTER PROGRAM 19 ABSTRACT (Contnue on reverse f necessary and dentfy by block number) The essence of ths work was the creaton and refnement of a user-frendly computer smulaton for submarne-on-submarne engagements. 20 DSTRBUTON/AVALABLTY OF ABSTRACT 21. ABSTRACT SECURTY CLASSFCATON 13UNCLASSFEDAUNLMTED 03 SAME AS RPT. EOTC USERS UNCLASSFED 22a. NAME OF RESPONSBLE NDVDUAL 22b. TELEPHONE (nludoe Area Code) 122c. OFFCE SYMBOL CAPT Gerald E. Green, USN(Ret.) (703) RES Operatons DO FORM MAR 83 APR edton may be used untl exhausted. SECURTY CLASSFCATON OF THS PAQE All other edtons are obsolete.

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Synopss. ntroducton and Dscusson 1. Work Accomplshed 3. Future/mplcatons 8 Appendx A - ORBS Smulaton Technque

5 H e Ths report descrbes work completed under Contract #N C The essence of ths work was the creaton and refnement of a user-frendly computer smulaton for submarne-on- submarne engagements.

6 . ntroducton and Dscusson. Smulatons are assumng an ever more mportant role n the lfe of weapon systems, from defnng and evaluatng early development optons to achevng the most effectve employment methods/tactcs. Ther use goes far beyond even these applcatons, as realstc smulatons are utlzed to develop operatonally orented data to support hgh level decson makng, e.g., employng smulatons to evaluate plans from battle group tactcs to general war plans. As the operatng costs for varous tactcal exercses soar, the relatvely nexpensve applcaton of smulatons has ganed n popularty. Whle smulatons cannot replace all at-sea evolutons, there s a clear area where ther use s effcent and effectve. Closer to home, RES Ope:atons waf nvolved n a number of projects n support of a number of government agences whch requred the evaluaton of varous factors, e.g., effectveness and value-added; tasks well suted to the applcaton of smulatons. These evaluatons could best be accomplshed by utlzng perodc operator nterventon durng a seres of excursons whch portrayed varous platforms and sensors operatng n accordance wth approved and accepted tactcal doctrne. 1

7 An examnaton of exstng Navy models resulted n the concluson that each had shortcomngs when appled to the specfc tasks undertaken by RES Operatons. These shortcomngs ranged from beng very programmer ntensve when changng key factors durng an excurson to an nablty to observe a tactcal engagement unfoldng. Ths last feature proved to be much more mportant than orgnally antcpated and only now are we comng to fully apprecate the magntude of the advantage of beng able to see the nteracton occur nstead of beng lmted to examnng a ple of relatvely sterle statstcs. Wth these requrements and realzatons as a bass, RES Operatons set out to develop ts own smulaton ncorporatng many of the desred features found wantng n the avalable models. Ths was to be an object (platform, sensor, envronment, etc.) orented, rule (doctrne) based, operator nteractve system programmed n LSP and runnng on a Symbolcs 3600 seres computer. (The program was subsequently confgured to run on a Macntosh contanng a Symbolcs 'Macvory' board) The basc makeup of the smulaton has been descrbed n a number of earler publcatons, ncludng the prevous Progress Report. A more detaled descrpton s ncluded as Appendx A followed by a block dagram. 2

8 Ths paper wll concentrate on addressng the work accomplshed n ths contract effort, subsequent mprovements, and future mplcatons. 3 3

9 . Work Accomplshed. The contract effort, ntated n 1986 and subsequently modfed n 1988, was drected at developng and demonstratng a versatle, operator-nteractve submarne-on-submarne computer smulaton. The 1988 modfcaton focused the ORBS development * effort more sharply on the operatonal and tactcal problems assocated wth potental hostle encounters between SSBNs and adversary SSNs. * Accomplshments n developng a computer smulaton durng ths contract wll be addressed by general area: Rule Edtor A package of rules (called "rule base systems") that gude the operaton of objects n the ORBS model s n place and completely accessble to the non-programmng operator through an nteractve menu-drven rule edtor. * Rules are presented n edtor wndows n an Englsh-lke syntax, along wth a dctonary of terms and a menu choce of operatons. Rules can be added, edted and/or removed wth a few menu selectons made wth a mouse. The rule edtor allows changes of an object's behavor to be made at any pont n the smulaton: at the start of the smulaton run, or at any pont durng the course of * 4

10 the smulaton. The effect of the rule change s mmedate and dynamc; the object's behavor s guded by the new rule from the pont of change wth no adverse effect on the other parts of the program. The rule edtor permts changes to be temporary or permanent, and * warns the user before any changes are made permanent n order to prevent nadvertent changes to the program. Object Orented Program Objects (such as platforms, sensors, weapons, mnes, etc.) are represented n ORBS as ndependent data structures that embody all the nformaton requred to model ther nteracton n a tactcal engagement. The object-orented programmng desgn of ORBS means that objects have assocated wth them not only data, but any and all functons and algorthms specfc to ther operaton n the model, as well. * Object-orented desgn enables the user to combne objects, for example, a submarne, sphercal array, a towed array and an actve sensor nto a accurate representaton of a submarne wth a complete sensor sute. ORBS objects are nterchangeable modules that 5

11 can be attached, swtched and removed wthout concomtant changes n source code programmng. An AKULA-class submarne can be gven a towed array, a 688-class can operate employng Sovet tactcs and fre ET-80a torpedoes, or a mne-huntng sub can be gven a tethered UUV--all by attachng or removng modular objects through a smple seres of menu choces. * Archtecture Desgn The ORBS smulator s a powerful tactcal development * tool due to ts fundamental desgn as an object-orented, rule-based nteractve smulator. The tme-stepped smulaton s controlled by an operator usng nteractve * edtng tools and a graphc dsplay of the engagement. Data parameters and rules have been obtaned through * accepted Navy sources and revewed for accuracy by experenced submarne commanders. Envronmental data, sound propagaton, fluctuaton models and sonar detecton * models have been obtaned from accepted Navy sources and models (e.g., SFMPL, RAYMODE, SM, etc.). The operator has complete access to all the rules nvolved n a smulaton, the selecton of the * 6

12 envronmental condtons n the engagement and the partcpants along wth ther complement of sensors, weapons and countermeasures. The operator can select a 3 varety of predefned MOEs, set condtons for the dynamc removal of an object from the smulaton (such as lfetme of a CM or torpedo), control under what condtons the smulaton completes a run. As an alternatve to nteractve runs, ORBS can be run n batch (or "background") mode n whch multple runs of 3 the smulaton are used to gather statstcal data. Each background run s stored n such a manner that f ts results mert a closer look, the run can be reproduced n 3 nteractve mode. 3 ncluson of Accepted Data/Algorthms and Run Tme * n 3-5 mnutes. Most ORBS smulaton runs that examne SSBN tactcal securty ssues such as hostle encounter are completed Realstc Rule Bases for Hostle Encounter ORBS has a complete set of rule base systems for the SSBN hostle encounter scenaro, ncludng U.S. SSBN 7

13 Hostle Encounter, Sovet SSN Hostle Encounter, U.S. and Sovet Countermeasure Deployment, U.S. and Sovet Torpedo Fre, MK-48 Search, Attack and Reattack as well as a postulated rule base for Sovet ET-80a torpedoes. Enhancements nclude upgrade from the ntally-requested geometrc approxmaton torpedo detecton method to a rule base system utlzng an actve sensor on the torpedo object. Upgraded Object Characterstcs Modules Upgrades nclude the ncorporaton of the RAYMODE model to produce propagaton loss data (replacng the SFMPL prop loss data), acquston of aspect-dependent nose sgnature data and ncorporatng t nto the submarne objects, creaton of platform-specfc submarne objects, enhancement of the submarne knematc model (usng advance, transfer, acceleraton and dve-rate data from Davd Taylor). Smulaton Valdaton Reproduced the ntal condtons of the securty exercse PAC 2-87 Phase whch examned the

14 survvablty of a TRDENT n a hostle encounter engagement. The four at-sea runs were reproduced wth the ORBS smulator wth equvalent ntal detecton ranges. Addtonally, numerous excursons were run desgned to enhance the realsm that s lost n at-sea exercses (depth separaton, use of UWT, no countermeasures).. FUTURE/MPLCATONS The work accomplshed under ths contract demonstrated the * versatlty and flexblty of ths approach to smulaton U archtecture. The result s an applcaton whch s useful n accurately depctng the sub-on-sub hostle encounter. Ths effort * n effect provded an operatng model whch serves as the bass for the subsequent (ongong) mprovements sponsored by OP-213. The end result wll be an analytcal tool deally suted to the upcomng examnaton for APL of SSBN tactcal consderatons and securty exercses. 1 9

15 APPENDX A ORBS SMULATON TECHNQUE 1.1 NTRODUCTON ORBS (Object-orented Rule-Based nteractve System) s a general purpose software based development and analyss tool. t was desgned to pro-vde a capablty for smulaton, analyss, or control n problems n whch real tme data flow must be analyzed and n whch actons must be taken whch depend on that analyss. ts nternal archtecture allows t to be used to consder a wde varety of applcatons rangng from warfare smulaton to autonomous vehcle control to power plant fault analyss. For 3 example, ORBS has been used n development of tactcs for both Submarne and Ant-submarne Warfare, techncal evaluatons of potental system enhancements n these warfare areas, and n verfcaton of crtcal control logc for unmanned underwater vehcles. 3 nterfaces consstng of specal purpose edtors, menus, graphcs, and a tme-stepped control structure allow the user to * nteractvely manpulate all relevant aspects of the problem under consderaton ncludng the basc logc whch s used n a partcular applcaton. The scope, flexblty, and nteractve 1

16 * process. features of ORBS make t possble to reduce development tme and to nvolve doman experts, decson makers, and others wthout extensve programmng experence n the development and analyss ORBS s currently mplemented on a SYMBOLCS computer and s wrtten n Zeta-lsp. Certan applcatons have taken advantage of the capablty to employ multple language source mode modules (FORTRAN 77 - LSP). 1.2 LYSTEM OVERVEW Ths secton descrbes the overall ORBS system. The basc ORBS system software s comprsed of four sophstcated, hghly- ntegrated modules: The Man System, Rule-Edtor, Dctonary- Edtor, and Object-Tree-Edtor. A complete ORBS smulaton requres these modules as well as nput data fles whch defne smulaton rule bases, dctonary terms, objects, and setup parameters. MAN SYSTEM The man system module controls the smulaton and allows ORBS to be run n ether of two modes: nteractve or background. n the nteractve mode, the user has full control over the smulaton as t progresses. status wndow allow the user An overhead graphcs vew and a to montor, nterrupt, modfy, 2

17 restart, replay, and save changes to the smulaton. Ths mode s especally useful n framng "what-f" questons and n answerng "Why?". The background mode s desgned to collect Monte-Carlo * statstcs by storng user-specfed results n a fle. RULE-EDTOR The rule edtor s the means by whch rule base systems are made and modfed. Rules are made by splcng together the Englsh representaton of dctonary varables (dscussed below). The rule edtor dsplays current dctonary terms, logcal constructs such as 'f', 'and', 'or' or '=', and algebrac functons. The rule edtng wndows are mouse-senstve. The rules are constructed by smply postonng the mouse over the desred term and clckng. Once a rule s created t may be modfed n any way. The rule edtor may be accessed durng a program run so that the effect of a rule change may be mmedately assessed. DCTONARY-EDTOR The dctonary edtor provdes the means by whch needed terms and algorthms can be added to the system and by whch all dependences can easly be traced. The dctonary s a collecton of terms, defned by the user, called dctonary varables whch serve several mportant roles. Frst, they are the lnk between 3

18 rule bases and object attrbutes. Second, they defne the nformaton whch may be passed between rules. Thrd, they serve as varables n rules whch act on calculated value. f a term s needed to make a rule whch s not present n the rule edtor wndows, the dctonary edtor may be called to add a new term. Ths may be done ether before or durng rule edtng. OBJECT-THREE-EDTOR n the real world, an object s an entty that s vsble or otherwse tangble. n ORBS an object s any entty that acts or can be acted upon: from the real world. n a sense, objects n ORBS parallel objects Furthermore, as n the real world, objects exst n tme and hence can be created, destroyed, coped, shared, and updated. RULE BASES Closely assocated wth the objects are rule bases whch determne how, when, and under what crcumstances the objects change ther attrbutes. n essence, a rule base s a collecton of statements whch take the form F {condton) THEN {acton}. These condton and acton statements may be qute complex, 1 Each object has one or more attrbutes. Examples of attrbutes for an object of type submarne mght nclude course and speed. Rules do not drectly read or set the values of attrbutes. Rather, rules access the value of dctonary varables such as ordered-course, current-course, ordered-speed, and current-speed. 4

19 3 nvolvng operators such as AND, OR, and UNTL. Rules are aggregated, n herarchcal fashon, to form a rule base system. Objects can be assocated wth other objects and wth rule bases; for example, an object of submarne type can be assocated wth varous sensor objects (actve sonar, passve towed array), weapon objects (torpedo), and rule bases (search, torpedo evason). Objects and rule base systems are grouped together to form an object tree. A collecton of object-trees, together wth ntal values, tme ncrement condtons, statstcs, and choces for other parameters and varables s called a setup. Wth ORBS, the user can start wth what s essentally a 'blank sheet' and make a setup from exstng objects and rule base systems. When a setup s made, t s also possble to choose specfc geographc locatons from a data base of contour maps. Snce the treatment of ths data base s also modular, new maps can be easly entered. 1.3 OVERVEW OF ORBS NTERACTVE FEATURES One of the unque features of ORBS s ts on-lne applcaton development and analyss ads. These allow a user to nteractvely modfy all of the program components both n the development phase * and at run tme. 5 ]

20 RULE BASE EXAMNER The rule base examner dsplays rule base systems to users. All rules appear n an Englsh-lke language. Ths, together wth * a cursory knowledge of the way n whch the rules are nvoked, allows experts or users wthout programmng experence to examne, and usng the rule edtor, to modfy the logc present n the program. ORBS also ncludes a 'hardcopy' opton whch wll prnt the Englsh representaton of rule base systems to hardcopy. OBJECT CREATON AND DESTRUCTON ORBS also contans features so that objects can be nteractvely created or destroyed. That s, objects not present at the begnnng of a run can be added, or conversely, objects present can be removed. For example, torpedoes can be launched to destroy shps, helcopters can be launched from surface shps, sonobuoys can be dropped from the helcopters, and large dstrbuted sensor felds wth many sensors can be modeled. VARABLE TME STEP The ORBS control structure s tme-stepped, wth an opton to control the tme ncrement wth event dependency. All aspects of ths structure can be nteractvely controlled by the user. NTAL AND TERMNAL CONDTONS When the program s rur the user chooses whether to run the program n the nteractve or the background mode. f the 6

21 background mode s chosen, the user selects from a lst of functons whch can randomze any ntal object attrbute or rule base varable, chooses the condtons that wll end a run, chooses the statstcs that wll be kept, and chooses the numbers of runs. Results can be wrtten to a fle. FUNCTON REUSABLTY Tme ncrement condtons, remove condtons, ntalzaton functons, end condtons, and MOEs are all represented by LSP functons. These are created n a modular fashon so that they are all dependent, and once constructed, can easly be nserted and used wth any setup. NTERACTVE CONTROL When the program s run n the nteractve mode, the program of the smulaton s dsplayed for user "as t happens". At any pont durng the run the user may stop the smulaton, nvoke one or several edtng and nteractve control functons, and then contnue the run. Some of these functons are: edt object attrbutes, move object, add new object tree, edt rules, vew all actve rules, restart, replay, and restore to an earler state of the system. The ablty to nterrupt a run and to employ these *features provdes a powerful development and analyss envronment. For example, a user can stop the smulaton just past a crtcal pont, restore the state at that pont, nvoke the rule edtor to n7

22 change a rule, and then contnue the smulaton to mmedately assess the affect of the changed rule. The ablty to try any combnatons of objects n object trees, and to change any of the objects' attrbute values gves the user great flexblty n conductng techncal assessments and value-added analyses. 8 8