Energy Efficiency and CHP Opportunities for Data Centers

Transcription

1 Energy Efficiency and CHP Opportunities for Data Centers Webinar #2: Understanding Energy Efficiency Concepts and Technologies for Data Centers The 2nd in a 4-Part Series of Educational Webinars Targeting Sustainable Energy Management in Data Centers offered by The Midwest CHP Application Center September 3, 2009 In Partnership with the US DOE Audio portion of webinar requires call-in at access code:

2 Data Center Webinar Series Schedule! Tuesday, September 1, pm CST Webinar #1: Assessing Energy Efficiency Performance in Data Centers Utilizing US DOE Software Tools! Thursday, September 3, pm CST - Webinar #2: Understanding Energy Efficiency Concepts and Technologies for Data Centers! Wednesday, September 9, pm CST Webinar #3: Combined Heat & Power (CHP) Opportunities for Data Centers! Thursday, September 10, pm CST Webinar #4: Case Studies of Data Centers Implementing Energy Efficiency and CHP Systems In Partnership with the US DOE 2009 The Trustees of the University of Illinois at Chicago 2

3 The Midwest CHP Application Center (MAC)! Established in March 2001! Founded for the U.S. Department of Energy at University of Illinois at Chicago s Energy Resources Center (UIC/ERC)! The mission of the MAC is to develop technology application knowledge and the educational infrastructure necessary to foster CHP as viable technical and financial energy / environmental option! Midwest CHP Application Center Contact Information: - Web Site: - John Cuttica, Director: cuttica@uic.edu (312) Elaine Kulawiak: ekulaw2@uic.edu (312) In Partnership with the US DOE 2009 The Trustees of the University of Illinois at Chicago 3

4 Webinar Procedures! To avoid background noise, participants are muted as they enter the meeting! Please submit questions during the presentation by typing them into the chat window area of the screen. Include which speaker they are for.! Questions submitted via the chat window will be answered following the presentation! Any questions not answered during the webinar will be posted and answered on the Center s website! Please complete the online survey immediately following meeting! For those with multiple viewer at one location, please submit an attendance list so we know who has attended (name, company, address and phone number) In Partnership with the US DOE 2009 The Trustees of the University of Illinois at Chicago 4

5 Efficiency Opportunities in Data Centers September 3, 2009 William Tschudi, PE Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Slide 5

6 Think of Data Centers as INFORMATION FACTORIES Data centers are energy intensive facilities Server racks now designed for more than 25+ kw Typical facility ~ 1MW, can be > 20 MW Nationally 1.5% of US Electricity consumption in 2006 Projected to double in 5 years Computing and storage are in growth mode Significant data center building boom Power and cooling constraints in existing facilities Building continues in down economy Slide 6

7 Data centers resemble large industrial facilities Slide 7

8 Slide 8

9 They also have specialized infrastructure Slide 9

10 LBNL operates several data centers Slide 10

11 LBNL super computer systems power: MegaWatts NERSC Computer Systems Power (Does not include cooling power) (OSF: 4MW max) N8 N7 N6 N5b N5a NGF Bassi Jacquard N3E N3 PDSF HPSS Misc Slide 11

12 Why best practices are important the rising cost of ownership Cost of electricity and supporting infrastructure now surpasses the capital cost of IT equipment Perverse incentives -- IT and facilities budgets are controlled in different parts of the organization Source: The Uptime Institute, 2007 Slide 12

13 But are there potential savings? 20-40% savings are typically possible Aggressive strategies better than 50% savings Paybacks are short 1 to 3 years are common Potential to extend life and capacity of existing data center infrastructure but this also could allow for more IT equip raising total energy use Most don t know if their center is good or bad Slide 13

14 Benchmarking energy end use Electricity Flows in Data Centers HVAC system local distribution lines lights, office space, etc. uninterruptible load to the building, 480 V UPS PDU computer racks computer equipment backup diesel generators UPS = Uninterruptible Power Supply PDU = Power Distribution Unit; Slide 14

15 Electrical end use in one center Courtesy of Michael Patterson, Intel Corporation Slide 15

16 Your mileage will vary The relative percentages of the energy doing computing varied considerably. Computer Loads 67% Office Space Conditioning 1% Electrical Room Cooling 4% Cooling Tower Plant 4% Lighting 2% Other 13% Data Center Server Load 51% Lighting 2% HVAC - Chiller and Pumps 24% HVAC - Air Movement 7% Data Center CRAC Units 25% Slide 16

17 High level metric IT/total IT power/data center total power DCiE Average.57 Higher is better Data center number Source: LBNL Slide 17

18 Inverse metric total/it (PUE) 3.50 PUE 3.00 Average 1.83 Lower is better Data center total power/it power Source: LBNL Data center number Slide 18

19 HVAC system effectiveness We observed a wide variation in HVAC performance HVAC Effectiveness Index Ratio of IT Equipment Power to HVAC Power Source: LBNL Data Center Number Slide 19

20 Efficiency opportunities are everywhere Source and transmission losses Load management Virtualization Server innovation Heat recovery Better air management Better environmental conditions Move to liquid cooling Optimized chilled-water plants Use of free cooling Power Conversion & Distribution Server Load/ Computing Operations Cooling Equipment High voltage distribution Use of DC power Highly efficient UPS systems Efficient redundancy strategies Alternative On-site Power generation Generation Rejected heat for cooling Use of renewable energy/fuel cells Eliminate transmission losses

21 Data center efficiency opportunities Benchmarking over 30 centers consistently lead to opportunities No silver bullet Lots of silver bb s Slide 21

22 Many areas for improvement Cooling " Air Management " Free Cooling air or water " Environmental conditions " Centralized Air Handlers " Low Pressure Drop Systems " Fan Efficiency " Cooling Plant Optimization " Direct Liquid Cooling " Right sizing/redundancy " Heat recovery " Building envelope Electrical " UPS and transformer efficiency " High voltage distribution " Premium efficiency motors " Use of DC power " Standby generation " Right sizing/redundancy " Lighting efficiency and controls " On-site generation IT " Power supply efficiency " Standby/sleep power modes " IT equipment fans " Virtualization " Load shifting " Storage deduplication Slide 22

23 Use the DC Pro tool suite to identify opportunities Use the Profiling Tool to: Establish DCIE baseline and improvement potential Identify potential areas for improvement Track progress in DCiE over time Use Assessment tools to evaluate improvement measures in more in-depth Suite of tools address various areas of data center Provides savings for efficiency actions Assessment tool development is in progress Not an investment grade audit Slide 23

24 DC Pro tools High Level Profiling Tool Overall energy performance (baseline) of data center Performance of systems (infrastructure & IT) compared to benchmarks Prioritized list of energy efficiency actions and their savings, in terms of energy cost ($), source energy (Btu), and carbon emissions (Mtons) Points to more detailed system tools IT Module Servers Storage Network Software Cooling Air handlers/ conditioners Chillers, pumps, fans Free cooling Air Management hot cold separation environmental conditions Electrical Systems UPS Transformers Lighting Standby gen. On-Site Gen Renewables use of waste heat Slide 24

25 Where to focus to improve efficiency? Best practice opportunities IT equipment reduce the load at the source Environmental conditions most centers are not optimal Free cooling many locations can employ free cooling UPS and PDU efficiency efficient power conversions Air Management enables efficiency measures Humidity Control a common problem in data centers Slide 25

26 IT Equipment Specify Energy Star Servers Power Supplies Investigate need for redundancy Specify highly efficient power supplies Enable power management Virtualization many applications on each computer increasing processor utilization Storage options De-duplication Reduce spinning discs Environmental conditions see manufacturers recommendations for temperature and humidity Slide 26

27 IT equipment power supply efficiency 85% 80% 75% % Efficiency 70% 65% 60% 55% 50% Average of All Servers 45% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% % of Nameplate Power Output Slide 27

28 Environmental Conditions Most centers are over cooled and have humidity control issues ASHRAE and IT equipment manufacturers have established recommended and allowable conditions for air delivered to the intake of the computing equipment Some manufacturers design for even harsher conditions Design for computer comfort not people comfort Most data center computer room air conditioners are controlling the air returning to the unit Slide 28

29 Environmental conditions Prior to ASHRAE s Thermal Guidelines, there were NO published multi-vendor or vendor neutral temperature and humidity guidelines. Perceptions today lead many data centers to operate much cooler than necessary; often less than 68 F. ASHRAE s Thermal Guidelines have a RECOMMENDED temperature range of 18 C (64.4 F ) to 27 C (80.6 F ). The Recommended Range is a statement of reliability which means that operating within the range is safe. Although this wider band may feel strange, it is endorsed by IT manufacturers and can potentially enable SIGNIFICANT energy savings such as the use of economizers. Slide 29

30 Table Equipment Environment Specifications Class Product Powered 'On' Recommended Environmental Envelope Dry Bulb Temperature o C ( o F) % Relative Humidity Recommended Dew Point o C ( o F) Max Rate of Allowable Recommended Allowable Recommended Minimum Maximum Change o C ( o F) / hr 1 15 to 32 (59 to 90) 18 to 27 (64 to 81) 20 to 80 Max (42) 15 (59) 5 (9) 2 10 to 35 (50 to 95) 18 to 27 (64 to 81) 20 to 80 Max (42) 15 (59) 5 (9) 3 5 to 35 (41 to 95) NA 8 to 80 NA NA 28 (82) NA 4 5 to 40 (41 to 104) NA 8 to 80 NA NA Environmental Specifications are based on a maximum elevation of 3,050 meters ( 10,000 feet) 28 (82) NA Slide 30

31 Free cooling An Economizer is an HVAC device used to reduce energy consumption by leveraging environmental temperature differences to achieve efficiency improvements. Translation Air side open the window Water side use cooling towers and heat exchanger and turn off chillers Other economizer configurations Slide 31

32 Where can I do free cooling? The Green Grid Organization produced a tool to show the available hours for free cooling in the US by zip code /Content/Tools/NAmericanFreeCoolingTool.aspx Slide 32

33 Slide 33

34 UPS systems, transformers, and PDUs efficiency Efficiencies vary with system design, equipment, and load Efficiency 100% 95% 90% 85% 80% Factory Measurements of UPS Efficiency (tested using linear loads) Flywheel UPS Redundancies will always impact efficiency Double-Conversion UPS 75% Delta-Conversion UPS 70% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percent of Rated Active Power Load Slide 34

35 Example DC Pro recommendations List of Actions (for Electric Distribution System) Avoid lightly loaded UPS systems Use high efficiency MV and LV transformers Reduce the number of transformers upstream and downstream of the UPS Locate transformers outside the data center Use 480 V instead of 208 V static switches (STS) Specify high-efficiency power supplies Eliminate redundant power supplies Supply DC voltage to IT rack Slide 35

36 Electrical Distribution Assessment tool An Excel assessment tool is available for trial use Tool quantifies potential savings More in-depth questions to analyze options Slide 36

37 Air Management Short circuiting of air is common in most data centers Getting the right amount of air delivered to the intakes of the IT equipment is the goal To achieve this careful attention to air paths is required When measures are in place, savings come about in two ways: 1. Airflow can be reduced resulting in fan energy savings 2. High temperature return allows coils to be more efficient Slide 37

38 Visualize the problem Infrared thermography Slide 38

39 Aspects of Air Management The goal of Air Management is always to minimize mixing of hot and cold air streams. Minimizing air recirculation of hot air and minimizing by-pass of cold air. Both measures can result in energy savings and better thermal conditions. Recirculation By-Pass Equip. Rack Equip. Rack 39 Slide 39

40 40 Typical Air Management Issues Height (volume) of raised floor Obstructions in raised floor or in cabinets Placement of air handlers Bypass through racks use blanking plates Raised floor leakage Data center envelope leakage Oversupply of air to cold aisle cold air spills out of cold aisle and mixes with hot Undersupply of air to cold aisle cold air does not reach all the IT equipment which draws hot air from hot aisle Separation of hot return streams Slide 40

41 Enhance Separation of Hot/Cold Air Physical barriers can be used to enhance the separation of hot and cold air. The placement of barriers must take into account fire codes. Enclosed aisles permit higher supply and return temperatures. Open Semi-enclosed Enclosed 41 Graphics courtesy of ANCIS Incorporated Slide 41

42 Fan Energy Savings with variable speed fans If mixing of cold supply air with hot return air can be eliminated (enclosure), fan speed can be reduced. Fan energy savings of 70-80% are not uncommon with variable air volume (VAV) fans. The power input to a fan is proportional to the cube of the speed of the device. Without Enclosure With Enclosure Without Enclosure Slide 42

43 DOE Air-Management Energy Assessment Tool The Air Management-Tool is an Excel tool and is available for evaluating air-management opportunities Slide 43

44 Humidity Control 44 Data centers have a history of energy waste due to humidification. This is a legacy issue that has been perpetuated. Concerns were over electrostatic discharge on the low end (less than 20% RH) and contamination acceleration on the high end (greater than 80% RH). Modern equipment does not require tight humidity control. Use ASHRAE recommendations or vendor data. Control humidity for make-up air and not in the space. Relative humidity varies throughout the space as does temperature. Slide 44

45 Links for more information DOE EERE Technical Assistance Project: DOE Website: Sign up to stay up to date on new developments Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) ASHRAE Data Center technical guidebooks The Green Grid Association: White papers on metrics Energy Star Program Uptime Institute white papers Slide 45

46 Web based training resource Slide 46

47 ASHRAE Datacom series Order from Slide 47

48 Questions/discussion Slide 48

49 Microsoft s data center in a tent /09/22/new-from-microsoft-data-centers-intents/ Inside the tent, we had five HP DL585s running Sandra from November 2007 to June 2008 and we had ZERO failures or 100% uptime. In the meantime, there have been a few anecdotal incidents: Water dripped from the tent onto the rack. The server continued to run without incident. A windstorm blew a section of the fence onto the rack. Again, the servers continued to run. An itinerant leaf was sucked onto the server fascia. The server still ran without incident. Slide 49

50 And from Intel a side-by-side comparison Intel conducted a 10-month test to evaluate the impact of using only outside air to cool a high-density data center, even as temperatures ranged between 64 and 92 degrees and the servers were covered with dust. Intel s result: We observed no consistent increase in server failure rates as a result of the greater variation in temperature and humidity, and the decrease in air quality, Intel s Don Atwood and John Miner write in their white paper. This suggests that existing assumptions about the need to closely regulate these factors bear further scrutiny See Slide 50

51 Thank You for Attending! Reminders:! 2 More Sessions scheduled for Wednesday (9/9/09), and Thursday (9/10/09)! Please fill out the post meeting survey! For more information, contact Elaine Kulawiak at and/or ekulaw2@uic.edu In Partnership with the US DOE 2009 The Trustees of the University of Illinois at Chicago