Rutgers Center for Resilient Landscapes Forest Creation in the City: Testing an Anthropogenic Forest Succession Strategy

Transcription

1 Rutgers Center for Resilient Landscapes Forest Creation in the City: Testing an Anthropogenic Forest Succession Strategy Max Piana, 2016 CRL Fall Symposium

2 Image: Scenario Journal 2014

3 Image: Scenario Journal 2014

4 AFFORESTATION Image: Piana 2015

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6 NYC Afforestation Sites Image: Piana 2015

7 NYC Afforestation Sites Image: Piana 2015

8 Freshkills Afforestation Site Image: Field Opera;ons

9 Image: Halle> 2015

10 Image: Halle> 2015

11 Image: Halle> 2015

12 Image: oogle Earth 2016

13 Image: oogle Earth 2016

14 V N A WAT SO RA W SO foot Offset from Passive Vent Access Path to Remain with 10-foot Offset 10 N P L Entrance and Staging Area Work Area Limit of Planting 4.75 ac «12 Schmul Playground Detention Basin Invasive Removal Area 5.5 ac 2 ft Contour Intervals 10 ft Contour Intervals City of New York Parks & Recreation Natural Resources roup Arsenal North, 1234 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Michael R. Bloomberg, Mayor Adrian Benepe, Commissioner Cheri Brunault, Forester Craig Mandel, IS/Data Manager Feet 600 Proposed Work Area - Freshkills North Park Staten Island, NY 5/9/2012 This map is limited by the accuracy of its source data and is intended for illustrative use only.

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16 Novel Forests: Afforestation on Degraded Land Can we use pioneer species as part of an anthropogenic forest succession program to achieve more rapid canopy closure in urban afforestation sites, thereby reducing maintenance costs and accelerating forest creation in the city? Connection to global shipping has become more important than geographic isolation at determining island speciation/colonization rates Caribbean Shipping Image: Félix Pharand-Deschênes/lobaïa

17 Image: Frey 2011

18 Image: Frey 2011

19 Image: Piana 2016

20 Zalesny, R. S., et al. (2014), Na;ve Plants Journal, 15(1),

21 Image: Piana 2016

22 Experimental Design E Control Plot Species Assignment B X X X X X X X X X 2 X X X X X X X X X X X X 3 X X X X X 4 X X X X X X X 5 X X X X X 6 X X X X X X X X 7 X X X X X X X 8 X X X X X 9 X X X X X X 10 X X X 11 X X X X X X X 12 X X X X X X 13 X X X X X X 14 X X X X X X X X 15 X X X X 16 X X X X X X X X 17 X X X X X X X X 18 X X X X D Diagonal from center to corner of interior plot = 33.9 feet. C Exterior plot is 68ft x 68ft Interior plot is 48ft x 48ft. E Mixed Plot Species Assignment B X X X X X X 2 X X X X X X X X 3 X X X 4 X X X X 5 X X X X 6 X X X X X X 7 X X X X X 8 X X X X 9 X X X X X 10 X X 11 X X X X 12 X X X X 13 X X X X X 14 X X X X X X 15 X X X 16 X X X X X X 17 X X X X X X X 18 X X X X D Diagonal from center to corner of interior plot = 33.9 feet. C Exterior plot is 68ft x 68ft Interior plot is 48ft x 48ft. E Early Species Assignment B X X 2 X X X X 3 X X X 4 X X X 5 X 6 X X X X 7 X X X X 8 X X X 9 X X X 10 X X 11 X X X 12 X X X X 13 X 14 X X X X 15 X X 16 X X X 17 X X X X 18 X D Diagonal from center to corner of interior plot = 33.9 feet. C Exterior plot is 68ft x 68ft Interior plot is 48ft x 48ft. Control: Standard Palette Shrubs + Native Trees Mixed Standard + Early Early Successional Shrubs + Willows/Poplars

23 Experimental Design E Control Plot Species Assignment B X X X X X X X X X 2 X X X X X X X X X X X X 3 X X X X X 4 X X X X X X X 5 X X X X X 6 X X X X X X X X 7 X X X X X X X 8 X X X X X 9 X X X X X X 10 X X X 11 X X X X X X X 12 X X X X X X 13 X X X X X X 14 X X X X X X X X 15 X X X X 16 X X X X X X X X 17 X X X X X X X X 18 X X X X D Diagonal from center to corner of interior plot = 33.9 feet. C Exterior plot is 68ft x 68ft Interior plot is 48ft x 48ft. E Mixed Plot Species Assignment B X X X X X X 2 X X X X X X X X 3 X X X 4 X X X X 5 X X X X 6 X X X X X X 7 X X X X X 8 X X X X 9 X X X X X 10 X X 11 X X X X 12 X X X X 13 X X X X X 14 X X X X X X 15 X X X 16 X X X X X X 17 X X X X X X X 18 X X X X D Diagonal from center to corner of interior plot = 33.9 feet. C Exterior plot is 68ft x 68ft Interior plot is 48ft x 48ft. E Early Species Assignment B D X X 2 X X X X 3 X X X 4 X X X 5 X 6 X X X X 7 X X X X 8 X X X 9 X X X 10 X X 11 X X X 12 X X X X 13 X 14 X X X X 15 X X 16 X X X 17 X X X X 18 X Diagonal from center to corner of interior plot = 33.9 feet. C Exterior plot is 68ft x 68ft Interior plot is 48ft x 48ft. Note: willow and poplar have a consistent ratio between the mixed and early treatments Note: for the interior plot, 1 individual each of 2 random shrub species were subtracted from the total to make th ID Species Type Color Symbol Interior Plot Outside Plot Entire Plot 1 Serviceberry Tree reen Eastern Red Cedar Tree reen Pitch Pine Tree Blue Eastern White Pine Tree Pink White Oak Tree reen X Scrub Oak Tree Blue Pin Oak Tree Pink Willow Oak Tree Yellow Staghorn Sumac Tree Blue X Black Cherry Tree Pink X Willow Tree Yellow Poplar Tree Orange Northern spicebush Shrub Yellow X Southern arrowwood Shrub Orange ray Dogwood Shrub Orange X American elderberry Shrub White Summersweet Shrub White Northern bayberry Shrub White X Total

24 Research Questions: Does the use of early successional trees accelerate canopy closure and improve planting survival and growth? Does the successional planting strategy facilitate seedling recruitment? What is the trajectory of soil carbon stocks in an aggrading urban forest installed on anthropogenic soils? Additional Questions? Legend Fresh Kills Final Plot Corners Vent Perimeter Forest Patch Edge Small Tree Patch Plots and Buffers Forest _ Patch 1D 1E 1A 1C 1B 9/25/ Miles 12E 12B 12D 12A 11E 12C 10E 11B 11A 11D 10B 10A 10D 11C 10C rove of Trees 9E 9B 9A 9D 6E 9C 6B 7E 6A 8E 6D 7B 8B 7A 6C 8A 3E 7C 8D 3B 7C 4E 8C 3A 3D 2E 4B 3C 4A 5E 2B 5B 4D 2A 5A 2D 4C 5D 2C 5C Freshkills Installed Plot Centers and Corners Updated Perimeter and Vent Locations Location of Plots within Freshkills Park Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, TomTom, Intermap, increment P Corp., EBCO, USS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, e obase, IN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, OpenStreetMap contributors, an d the IS User Community, Source: Esri, Digitallobe, eoeye, i-cubed, Earthstar eographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USS, AEX, etmapping, Aerogrid, IN, IP, swisstopo, and the IS User Community

25 Creating an Urban Forest Image: Piana 2016

26 Image: Halle> 2014

27 Image: Piana 2015

28 Image: Piana 2015

29 Image: Piana 2015

30 Image: Piana 2015

31 Image: Piana 2015

32 Image: Piana 2015

33 Image: Piana 2015

34 Image: Piana 2015

35 Image: Piana 2015

36 Image: Piana 2015

37 Image: Piana 2015

38 What is the trajectory of soil carbon stocks in an aggrading urban forest installed on anthropogenic soils? Image: Piana 2015

39 Image: Contasta 2015

40 Image: Halle> 2015

41 Image: Halle> 2015

42 Image: Piana 2015

43 Are constructed urban forests self-sustaining? Is planting the only option? Image: Piana 2015

44 Image: Piana 2016

45 Applied Nucleation

46 Does a succession planting strategy facilitate native seedling recruitment? Measurements: Seed Limitation: Seed rain abundance and diversity Recruitment Limitation Seedling establishment and growth Understory composition and cover Image: Piana 2016

47 Seed Rain and Recruitment E Control Plot Species Assignment B X X X X X X X X X 2 X X X X X X X X X X X X 3 X X X X X 4 X X X X X X X 5 X X X X X 6 X X X X X X X X 7 X X X X X X X 8 X X X X X 9 X X X X X X 10 X X X 11 X X X X X X X 12 X X X X X X 13 X X X X X X 14 X X X X X X X X 15 X X X X 16 X X X X X X X X 17 X X X X X X X X 18 X X X X D Diagonal from center to corner of interior plot = 33.9 feet. C Exterior plot is 68ft x 68ft Interior plot is 48ft x 48ft & m 15.0 m E Mixed Plot Species Assignment B X X X X X X 2 X X X X X X X X 3 X X X 4 X X X X 5 X X X X 6 X X X X X X 7 X X X X X 8 X X X X 9 X X X X X 10 X X 11 X X X X 12 X X X X 13 X X X X X 14 X X X X X X 15 X X X 16 X X X X X X 17 X X X X X X X 18 X X X X D Diagonal from center to corner of interior plot = 33.9 feet. C Exterior plot is 68ft x 68ft Interior plot is 48ft x 48ft. E Early Species Assignment B X X 2 X X X X 3 X X X 4 X X X 5 X 6 X X X X 7 X X X X 8 X X X 9 X X X 10 X X 11 X X X 12 X X X X 13 X 14 X X X X 15 X X 16 X X X 17 X X X X 18 X D Diagonal from center to corner of interior plot = 33.9 feet. C Exterior plot is 68ft x 68ft Interior plot is 48ft x 48ft. SEED TRAP 0.25 x 0.50 m RECRUTIMENT 1x 1 m

48 Image: Piana 2016

49 Image: Piana 2016

50 Image: Piana 2016

51 One year later Image: Piana 2016

52 How does planting strategy impact tree survival and growth? Planted Tree Measurements: Height Caliper Deer Browse Pest Defoliation Discoloration Drought Vigor Image: Halle> 2016

53 Image: Halle> 2016

54 Image: Halle> 2016

55 Percent mortality by species, September 2016.

56 Percent mortality by species, September 2016.

57 Deer browser rating by species. 1=none, 5=severe, June 2016.

58 Common Name Species Browse Dead Total Mortality Eastern Red Cedar JUVI % Black Cherry PRSE % ray Dogwood CORA % Northern bayberry MOPE % Staghorn Sumac RHTY % Willow Oak QUPH % Serviceberry AMCA % Pin Oak QUPA % White Oak QUBI % Southern arrowwood VIDE % Scrub Oak QUIL % Pitch Pine PIRI % American elderberry SANIC % Northern spicebush LIBE % Poplar spp. POPLAR % Summersweet CLAL % Willow SASP % Eastern White Pine PIST % Eastern Cottonwood PODE % Big Toothed Aspen POR % Trembling Aspen POTR % Unknown Unknown % Total ,804 58% Mortality by species as of September Deer Browse is rated on a scale of 1(none) 5(severe) and averaged for all trees.

59 Common Name Species Browse Dead Total Mortality Eastern Red Cedar JUVI % Black Cherry PRSE % ray Dogwood CORA % Northern bayberry MOPE % Staghorn Sumac RHTY % Willow Oak QUPH % Serviceberry AMCA % Pin Oak QUPA % White Oak QUBI % Southern arrowwood VIDE % Scrub Oak QUIL % Pitch Pine PIRI % American elderberry SANIC % Northern spicebush LIBE % Poplar spp. POPLAR % Summersweet CLAL % Willow SASP % Eastern White Pine PIST % Eastern Cottonwood PODE % Big Toothed Aspen POR % Trembling Aspen POTR % Unknown Unknown % Total ,804 58% Mortality by species as of September Browse is rated on a scale of 1(none) to 5(severe) and averaged for all trees.

60 Image: Halle> 2016

61 Questions? Image: Piana 2015

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63 Image: Halle> 2016

64 Seed Trap Design