Nkmh="y^ TurboDOS. User's Guide \.'JJ U ', -- - 'i Y. ( 1 - V? J l., e i. - - ~ 03722A

Transcription

1 " 1 v. \.'JJ U ', Nkmh="y^ ( 1 - V? J., e. t ). ' Y TurboDOS User's Gude " FT - m -- - « ~ 03722A

2 TurboDOS s a regstered trademark of Software 2000, nc. Turbo-Pus"' s a trademark of Mcroserve, nc. CP/M s, a regstered trademark of Dgta Research, nc. WordStar"' s a trademark of McroPro nternatona Corporaton HORZON" s a regstered trademark of North Star Computers, nc Z-BOA s a regstered trademark of Zog, nc s a regstered trademark of nte Corporaton s a regstered trademark of nte Corporaton Copyrght 1983 by North Star Computers, nc. A rghts reserved To reorder the TurboDOS User's Gude, order part number To reorder the TurboDOS Reference Manua, order part number

3 TurboDOS 1.3 NOTCES User's Gude Copyrght Notce Copyrght 1983 by Software 2000, nc. A rghts reserved. No part of ths pubcaton may be reproduced, transmtted, transcrbed, stored n a retreva system, or transated nto any anguage or computer anguage, n any form or by any means, eectronc, mecha nca, magnetc, optca, chemca, manua or otherwse, wthout the pror wrtten perms son of Software 2000, nc., 1127 Hetrck Avenue, Arroyo Grande, Caforna 93420, U.S.A. Trademark Notce TurboDOS s a trademark of Software 2000, nc., and has been regstered n the Unted States and n most major countres of the free word. CP/N, CP/M Pus, and EP/M are trademarks of Dgta Research. Dscamer Software 2000, nc., makes no representatons or warrantes wth respect to the contents of ths pubcaton, and specfcay dscams any mped warrantes of merchantabty or ftness for any partcuar purpose. Software 2000, nc., sha under no crcumstances be abe for consequenta damages or reated expenses, even f t has been notfed of the possbty of such damages. Software 2000, nc., reserves the rght to revse ths pubcaton from tme to tme wthout obgaton to notfy any person of such revson.

4 TurboDOS 1.3 ABOUT THS GUDE User's Gude Purpose We've desgned ths jlsm=ggám to make easy for you to earnhow to use theturbodos t operatng system. Ths document tes you what TurboDOS does, how to use ts varous factes, and what to do n case of errors. t aso descrbes each TurboDOS command n deta. The nformaton presented appes to both Z80 and 8086 TurboDOS. Assumptons n wrtng ths gude, we've assumed that you have a pre-confgured copy of TurboDOS a ready to run on your computer. Aso, you need to know some basc thngs about your computer equpment: how to hook t up and start t runnng, and how to hande the dsks t uses. We haven't assumed you are a programmer or an experenced computer user, however. Organzaton Ths gude starts wth a secton that expans some of the bascs: what TurboDOS s, what t does, how to get started, enter commands, and correct errors. t The next three sectons expan the prncpa concepts of TurboDOS n more deta. There are sectons on fes and dsks, prntng, and processng. There s a reference secton that descrbes each TurboDOS command n deta. Ths secton s organzed aphabetcay for easy reference. Fnay, there s a gossary and an ndex.

5 TurboDOS 1.3 TABLE User's Gude OF CONTENTS SOME BASCS What s TurboDOS? Why Use TurboDOS? Networkng CP/M Compatbty Performance Dsk Capacty Reabty Prnt Spoong Gettng Started Cod Start Sgn On Log On Command Foímat Enterng Commands Mutpe Commands Correctng Errors Attenton Request Summry FLES AND DSKS What s a Fe? dentfyng Fes Names and Types Drectores Wd-Cards Drve Seecton Workng wth Fes Creatng Fes Copyng Fes Renamng Fes Deetng Fes Backng Usng Usng up BACKUP COPY Workng wth Dsks Knds of Dsks Dsk Formats Dsk Organzaton Drectory Formats Changng Dsks Dsk Errors

6 TurboDOS 1.3 TABLE User's Gude OF CONTENTS (Contnued) FLES AND DSKS User Numbers (Contnued) Fe Attrbutes Read-Ony Fe Goba Fe Archved Fe FFO Fe Read-Ony Drve Fe Searches Fe Sharng Fe Locks Record Locks Suwmary PRNTNG Prntng Methods Drect Prntng Spooed prntng Prnt jobs Usng Prnt Queues Manua Spoong De-Spoong Routng Contro Drect Prntng Automatc Spoong Manua Spoong Other Optons Queung 3m8 Manuay De-Spoo Contro Queue Assgnment Prnt job Contro O Spooer Errors PROCESSNG 1"("1"" ' processng Smpe Commands Command Strngs Batch processng Smpe Do-Pes Do-Fe parameters Nested Do-Fes

7 TurboDOS 1.3 TABLE User's Gude OF CONTENTS (Contnued) PROCESSNG Automatc Loadng (Contnued) Program Autooad Corrünand Autooad Networkng Loca Commands Remote Consoe Memory Management Non-Banked O Banked Z Famy Summary COMMANDS Presentaton Conúmaná Syntax AUTOLOAD Command BACKUP Comínand BANK Conunand BATCH Command J BOOT Comnand BUFFERS Command CHANGE Command COPY Comnand DATE Command DELETE(" """" ' ' dr Command DO Comand DRVE Conmand DUMP Command ERASEDR Command FFO Cowmand FXDR Command FXMAP Command FORMAT Command LABEL Command LOGOFF Comnand LOGON Command MONTOR Command PAUSE Cowmand PRNT Command PRNTER Command QUEUE Comnand RECEVE Co~and RENAME Command

8 TurboDOS 1.3 TABLE User's Gude OF CONTENTS (Contnued) COPQULNDS SEND ("1"1""" " "j' P 0 0 * * 0 * e (Contnued) SERVER Command S-53 SET ("( É""" ' " SHOW Command TYPE USER Command VERFY Comaand YES Command APPENDCES Gossary A- ndex NDEX-

9 TurboDOS 1.3 SOME BASCS User's Gude SOME BASCS n ths secton you w earn what TurboDOS does, what knd of hardware t runs on, how to start t up, anáhow to enter commands and correct errors. Let's start wth the obvous queston... What s TurboDOS? TurboDOS s a coecton of programs desgned to make your computer run r,ore effcenty, and to make t easer for you to run other programs, create and manage fes, and use the perphera devces (such as the consoe, prnter, and dsk drves) attached to your computer. TurboDOS s an "operatng system", the technca term for a program whch supervses the operaton of other programs. TurboDOS tsef s not specazed for any partcuar appcaton (such as word processng, accountng, or statstcs). nstead, TürboDOS works together wth whatever specazed appcaton program you care to run, and takes care of whatever fe and devce management functons your partcuar appcaton program requests. Now et's examne what makes TurboDOS df ferent from other operatng systems. Why Use TurboDOS? Compared to other mcrocomputer operatng systems, TurboDOS s dstngushed by:. Networkng Capabty. CP/M Compatbty. Superor Performance. Abty to Hande Large Fes and Dsks. Enhanced Reabty. Prnt Spoong We' begn wth networkng.

10 TurboDOS 1.3 SOME BASCS User's Gude why Use TurboDOS? (Contnued) Networkng Compared wth other operatng systems, Turbo- DOS perhaps s most dstngushed by ts abty to coordnate a "network" of nterconnected mcrocomputers. Generay, a separate mcrocomputer supports each user's vdeo consoe. One or more addtona mcrocomputers manage the dsks, prnters, and other shared devces oí the system. Snce ths approach provdes a mcrocomputer dedcated to each user, TurboDOS s abe to support a arge number of smutaneous users wth exceent performance and mnma nteracton. You w dscover ths networkng approach offers far better performance and reabty than does any system that rees on "tme-sharng" one processor among many users. CP/4 Compatbty TurboDOS ets you run any program desgned to operate wth Dgta Research's popuar CP/M and MP/' operatng systems. Ths means that you can choose from a vast brary of avaabe software packages: fnanca appcatons, word processors, speng checkers, spreadsheets, anguage processors, and programmng toos. TurboDOS runs vrtuay any CP/M program wthout modfcaton, and accepts standard CP/M-format dsks. TurboDOS s fuy tbe wth CP/M and CP/M-86.. compa- n addton, TurboDOS provdes compatbty wth CP/M Pus 3.1, MP/M 2.1 and MP/M n fe and record ocks, system date and tme, and severa other seected areas. 1_2

11 -3 TurboDOS 1.3 SOME BASCS User's Gude Why Use TurboDOS (Contnued) Performance ndependent benchmark comparsons have shown that fe-ntensve appcatons perform much better wth TurboDOS than wth CP/M or FP/M. You' beneft from ths performance mprovement wth vrtuay any busness appcaton. Fe processng averages at east three tmes as fast, sometmes much more. The more users on your system, the greater the performance advantage becomes. Dsk Capacty Busness appcatons are often mted by the avaabe dsk capacty of your computer. TurboDOS s desgned to hande bg hard dsks CP/?4 has nterna mtatons and bg fes. whch prevent t from supportng dsks or fes arger than 8 megabytes. Dsk drves arger than 8 megabytes have to be parttoned nto segments, makng them awkward to use. n contrast, TurboDOS supports dsk drves to 1,000+ megabytes wthout parttonng, and supports up fes to 134 megabytes. Reabty ntegrty of data and gracefu recovery from errors are crtca to any serous data processng actvty. TurboDOS offers vta mprovements n these mportant areas. TurboDOS does read-after-wrte of a dsk updates. n other words, whenever t wrtes nformaton out to dsk, t mmedatey reads got recorded okay. t back to make sure t (MOSt mcrocomputers don't do ths)

12 TurboOOS 1.3 SOME BASCS User's Gude why Use TurboDOS (Contnued) Reabty Whenever errors are detected, TurboDOS gves (Contnued) you meanngfu dagnostc messages, and ets you chose from a varety of recovery optons. n the event of a dsk error, for exampe, you can choose one of these aternatves:. Retry the dsk operaton agan 0 gnore the error and contnue processng. Abort the program Prnt Spoong The sowest component of your computer system s undoubtedy the prnter. f your appcatons nvove much prntng, you may fnd that the prnter s the botteneck that mtshowmuchworkyoucangetdone onyour system. To hep sove ths probem, TurboDOS ncudes an automatc "prnt spoong" facty that ets you get on wth the next processng task wthout havng to wat for prntng from the prevous task to fnsh. Here's how t works. When your appcaton program tres to send characters to the them n a dsk fe nstead. (Ths s caed prnter, TurboDOS ntercepts them and saves "spoong".) When the program s done, TurboDOS automatcay starts prntng the contents of the fe. (Ths s caed "despoong".) At the same tme, t ahead and run your next program. ets you go n a mut-user system, severa users ínay try to prnt at the same tme. n ths case, TurboDOS automatcay queues the prnt fles on a frst-come frst-served bass. -4

13 -5 TurboDOS 1.3 SOME BASCS User's Gude (Contnued) Gettng Started To get TurboDOS started, t s necessary to reada copy of theoperatngsystem fromyour TutboDOS system dsk nto your computer's memory. Ths process s varousy known as "cod start". Cod Start The exact cod-start procedure depends on the knd of hardware you are usng. Usuay, a you need to do s turn on the computer's power swtch, or press the computer's "reset" button (f the power s aready on). f your TurboDOS system dsk s a foppy dqkor other typeof removabemeda, you need to oad nto the dsk drve. t At ths pont, TurboDOS w oad nto memory automatcay, and sgn on. Sgn On On a snge-user system (or a mut-user system wth no og-on requred), you w see the foowng dspay on your consoe as soon as TurboDOS s oaded: TurboDOS.3x, Copyrght 1983 etc. DA} The "sgn-on" message tes you whch verson of TurboDOS you are usng. The "QA}" s the "command prompt" that tes you TurboDOS s ready to accept a command from your keyboard. t aso tes you that user number zero and drve A are currenty seected (more about ths ater). Mut-user systems usuay requre you to dentfy yoursef before you may proceed. Let's see how ths s done.

14 TurbooOS 1.3 SOME BASCS User's Gude Gettng Started (Contnued) Log On On most mut-user systems, you must "og on" by enterng a vad user dentfcaton, password, and possby other nformaton: TurboDOS 1.3X, Copyrght 1983 etc. System og on Enter user d: BPPBA.PP [ Enter password: Enter date: j5 A'PP 84 Enter tme: ]4:?5 3n Enter actvty: PF.YPM.T 5A} n the exampe above (and throughout the remander of ths document), undernes are used to ndcate the tems you need to key n. The rest s dspayed by TurboDOS. After you have typed each response, you have to press the RETURN (or ENTER) key on your keyboard before TurboDOS w process the tem. The way TurboDOS vadates user d's and passwords s descrbed ater on (see the detas of the LOGON command). The date and tme are not requested f the system cock was prevousy set. The actvty descrpton s requested ony f a system og fe has been set up. As soon as you get through the og-on procedure successfuy, TurboDOS dspays ts "command prompt" to et you know t's ready to accept your frst command. Next, we' earn how to enter commands. 1"6

15 TurboDOS 1.3 SOME BASCS User's Gude (Contnued) Enterng Commands TurboDOS does ony what you The way you te te t what t to do s by enterng commands on your consoe keyboard. to do. Whenever you enter a command, you are actua y askng TurboDOS to oad a partcuar program front dsk nto your computer's memory andrunt. TurboDQS coneswthmore than30 standard commands (programs) that are descrbed n deta n a ater secton of ths gude. You can aso enter commands to run appcaton programs, or programs you have wrtten yoursef. Command Format A TurboDOS command aways contans a command name whch specfes the program to be run. The smpest commands consst ony of the command name, foowed by the RETURN (or ENTER) key. For exampe: [ OMRR s a commony-used command whch dspays a drectory of the fes on the currenty seected user number (zero) and dsk drve (drve A). Remember that the command name "DR" s actuay the name of a program on dsk. Don't forget the RETURN key at the end of each command. Frequenty, the command name s foowed by addtona command nformaton (drve etter, fe name, opton, etc.) to be passed to the command program. For exampe: OMPTP B? dspays the drectory for drve B. 1Ñm7

16 TurboDOS 1.3 SOME BASCS User's Gude Enterng Comnands (Contnued) Command Format Another exampe: (Contnued) 0A}COPY PCANYFTT.,E B: s a command to copy a fe named "ANYF'LE" from drve A to drve b. "COPY" s the name of another command program. Mutpe Commands You may enter severa TurboDOS commands at one tme. To do ths, separate the commands wth the character \ (backsant), and press RETURN after the ast command. For exampe: OMPTP BX\PTP C:\PT.P P: s a strng oí three commands to dspay the drectores of drves B, C and D n sequence. You can strng as many commands together as you ke, mted ony by the sze of the TurboDOS command buffer. Normay, the com ínand buffer s bg enough for you to type a command strng two nes ong. When you enter a strng of commands, TurboDOS executes each command n sequence, one after another. Each command but the frst s dspayed on your consoe as t s executed. -8

17 -9 TurboDOS 1.3 SOME BASCS User's Gude Enterng Comands (Contnued) Correctng Errors As you type characters on the keyboard, they appear on the screen of your consoe. An ndcator caed the "cursor" (usuay a box or underne) shows you where the next character w appear. f you make a typng mstake and you notce t before you press RETURN, you can correct t easy. Use the BACKSPACE or DEL key to deete the ncorrect character(s) and move the cursor eft. Then contnue typng. f your keyboard doesn't have a BACKSPACE or DEL key, youcanaccompsh the same thngby typng CTRL-H. To type CTRL-H, you hod down the CTRL key whe typng the etter H. f you want to deete the entre ne you've typed, you coud keep typng BACKSPACE unt t's a gone. An easer way s to type CTRL-X or CTRL-U (hod down CTRL whe typng X or U), whch accompshes the same thng. f you accdentay msspe the name of a command, and ht RETURN before reazng your mstake, TurboDOS w te you that t can't fnd a command wth that name: OÁÍPTT Pn DT E: Command <-- not found QA} and you can then retype the ntended command. Lkewse, f you enter a command TurboDOS can't fgure out, t w et you know: DRB: <-- nvad command QA}

18 TurboDOS 1.3 SOME BASCS User's Gude (Contnued) Attenton Requests Youcansuspendtheexecutonof a program or command at any tme by typng the "attenton" f, ""' character on your consoe keyboard, the BREAK key. TurboDOS w "beep" to acknowedge that t has receved your attenton request and suspended executon of your program. After an attenton request, your program w reman suspended unt you type one of the foowng attenton responses: CTRL-Q (resume) smpy restarts executon of your program at the pont was nterrupted. t You w fnd ths attenton/resume sequence usefu to prevent dspayed nformaton from scrong off the top of your consoe screen before you have tme to read t, CTRL-C (abort) cances program executon, and returns you to the TurboDOS command prompt. CTRL-P (echo-prnt) restarts program executon and causes a subsequent consoe output aso to be echoed on the prnter. A second attenton/echo sequence turns off echong of consoe output to the prnter. Th:Ís feature s usefu for gettng hardcopy of your consoe nteractons wth the system. CTRL-L (end-prnt) restarts program executon after sgnang the end of the current prnt job. Ths s usefu prmary when spoong, because t causes a accumuated prnt output to be mmedatey queued for prntng. 1_10

19 1- TurboDOS 1.3 SOME BASCS User's Gude (Contnued) Summary Ths secton has covered some of the bascs you need to know about TurboDOS. You've earned what an operatng system s, how TurboDQS compares wth other mcrocomputer operatng systems, and what knd of hardware t runs on. You've aso earned how to oad TurboDOS from a cod start, og on, enter commands and command strngs, correct typng errors, and make attenton requests. Our next topc s one of the most mportant n ths gude: fes and dsks.

20 2- TurboDOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS User's Gude fes AND DSKS n ths secton, you w earn more about how TurboDOS does ts most mportant job: managng your fes and dsks. What s a Fe? a "fe" s a coecton of reated nformaton qtored on dsk. Fes may contan data (numbers, text, formuas, pctures, and so on) or computer programs. You can thnk of a fe on dsk as beng ke a fe foder n a fe cabnet. When you store nformaton n a fe cabnet, you use fe foders to group reated nformaton together. For nstance, one foder mght contan nformaton about company empoyees (names, addresses, teephone numbers, and so forth). You mght abe ths foder "Empoyee Data" so you can fnd t ater. Usng your computer's dsk nstead of a cabnet, fe you coud set up a dsk fe contanng the empoyee nformaton. You mght gve ths fe the name EMPLOYEE.DAT. To keep track of your fes, you have to gve each one a name.

21 TurboDOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS User's Gude (Contnued) dentfyng Fes TurboDOS keeps track of your fes by name. t mantans a drectoryof thefesoneach dsk. whenever you want to access a partcu ar fe, you smpy dentfy the one you want by name. Narííes and Types Wthn mts, you can gve your fes any names you want. Each fe name can be up to eght characters ong. Try to make up names that w remnd you what each fe contans: j EMPLOYEE CONTRACT LOANCALC CUSTOMER TAXNFO STARTREK PAYROLL USRGUDE PAYCHECK As you create more and more fes, you w fnd they begn to fa nto natura categores (commands, BASC programs, documents, data base fes, and so forth). To hep you group smar fes together, you may add an optona extenson (caed a "fe type") to your fe names. The fe type can be up to three characters ong, and s aways separatedfrom thefenamewthaperod: EMPLOYEE.DAT CONTRACT,DOC LOANCALC.BAS CUSTOMER.DAT TAXNFO.DOC STARTREK.BAS PAYROLL.DAT USRGUDE.DOC PAYCHECK.BAS Certan fe types have speca meanng to TurboDOS. For exampe, Z80 commands (programs) are kept n.com fes, and 8086 commands are kept n.cmd fes. You can nake up fe names and fe types usng any desred combnaton of etters A-Z and dgts O-9. t's a good dea to stay away from punctuaton marks. 2"2

22 TurboDOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS User's Gude dentfyng Fes (Contnued) Drectores To keep track of your fes, TurboDOS man tans a fe drectory on each dsk. For each fe, the drectory contans the name, type and attrbutes of the what fe, user beongs to, how bg t s, and where t s t ocated on the dsk. You can use the DR command to dspa;,' c prnt the fe drectory on any of yúut dsks. For exampe: 0A}LLB THSDSK.LAB 15-Apr-84 90OK REMANNG 22 FLES DA: *.* 324K DSPLAYED CONTRACT.DOC 12K STARTREK.BAS 8K CUSTOMER.DAT 58K TAXNFO.DOC 2K EMPLOYEE.DAT 28K USRGUDE.DOC 96K etc. DA} The DR command dspays the fes n aphabetca order byname, andshowsyouthesze of each one n kobytes. (A kobyte s 1024 bytes.) t aso shows you how much unused space remans on the dsk, and other pertnent nformaton. 2-3

23 TurboDOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS Gude User's dext: Eyng Fes (Contnued) Wd-Cards Sometmes t's convenent to be abe to refer to an entre group of fes, such as "a payro data fes" or "a BASC program fes". For ths purpose, TurboDOS provdes two speca characters? and * that can be used n fe names and types. You can use the? na fe name or type as a "wd-card" to match any character n the correspondng poston. You can use the * to ndcate that a remanng character pos tons of the fe name or type are wd cards. For exampe, the command: OMDTB PRY?FTTFqPRT mght st the foowng fes: PAYQFLE.DAT PAYAFLE.DAT PAY5FLE,DAT PAYXFLE.DAT PAY9PLE.DAT PAYZFLE.DAT whe the command: { 0Á}PfTj'TF * BAA woud deete a fes of type.bas from the dsk. You' fnd these wd-cards especay usefu n connecton wth certan TurboDOS com mands (such as COPY, DR, DELETE, and RENAME) for processng a group of fes wthout havng to name each one ndvduay. 2"4

24 TurboDOS 1.3 FLES and DSKS User's Gude dentfyng Fes (Contnued) Drve Seecton Your computer system may be equpped wth severa dsk drves (up to 16 of them). Each drve s assgned a etter A-P. n ts command prompt, TurboDOS remnds you whch drve t s currenty workng on. When you refer to a fe by name, TurboDOS normay ooks for that fe on the current drve. To a access fe on a dfferent drve, you have to enter a drve etter coon n front of the fe and a name. For exampe, f you enter: ozüpetíftk B POC[JMFNT,TYT TurboDOS w ook for the fe DOCUMENT.TXT on drve B, even though the current drve s drve A. You can aso use a drve specfcaton n front of a command keyword to ndcate that you want TurboDOS to oad the command from a partcuar drve: 0MC. PFTFTF TSTRPTRFK,BFS n ths exampe, TurboDOS woud ook for DELETE.COM (or DELETE.CMD) on drve C, and for STARTREK.BAS on drve B. 2-5

25 TurbooOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS User's Gude dentfyng Fes (Contnued) Mve Seecton f you need to access many commands or fes (Contnued) on the same drve, you mght fnd convenent to t change the current drve so that you don't have to keep specfyng the drve expcty on every reference. To change the current drve, smpy type the drve etter, a coon, and then RETURN: 0A}aL OB} Notce that TurboDOS changes ts command prompt to ndcate the new current drve. workng wth Fes At ths pont, et's see how you can accompsh some basc fe operatons usng Turbo- DOS. These ncude creatng, copyng, renamng and deetng fes. Creatng Fes TurboDOS does not have any speca command to create a fe. Most of the tme, you create new fes by runnng appcaton programs. For exampe, to create a text fe you woud probaby use a text edtor or word processng program. You can aso create fes by makng copes of other fes. when a program creates a new fe, the fe starts out empty. as the program wrtes nformaton to the fe, TurboDOs automatcay aocates addtona dsk space. A fe can grow as arge as needed, mted ony by the sze of the dsk. When a fe s deeted, the dsk space prevousy occuped by the fe becomes avaabe agan. 2~6

26 TurboDOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS User's Gude Workng wth Fes (Contnued) Copyng Fes To copy a fe, use the COPY command: 0A}CO}?Y ORTGTNA,,BA.,S PTJPT.,TCAT, BAS OA: ORGNAL.BAS coped to OA:DUPLCAT.BAS QA} f the second (destnaton) fe name s not gven n the COPY command, then the (source) name s used: frst 0A}CO}?Y ORjGTNAT BAS C OA:ORGNAL.BAS coped to OC: ORGNAL.BAS QA} You can use wd-cards to copy a group of fes wth a snge command: 0A}copy *,,BRS C: Confrm ndvdua fes (y/n)? N OA:LOANCALC.BAS coped to OC:LOANCALC.BAS OA:ORGNAL.BAS coped to OC: ORGNAL.BAS OA: STARTREK.BAS coped to OC: STARTREK.BAS DA} [ TheCOPYcommandsoneof the most usefu TurboDOS. n t has numerous features and op tons that you' want to study carefuy when they're descrbed ater n ths gude. 2-7

27 TurboX)S 1.3 FLES AND DSKS User's Gude Workng wth Fes (Contnued) Renamng Fes To change the name of a fe, use the RENAME comnand: OMRENAME TAKNCRT,C 131\8 1,(". BAS OA:LOANCALC.BAS renamed OA:LC.BAS DA} Usng wd-cards, you can rename a group of fes: OMPENPMF STRPTRE,K * TREK,* Confrm ndvdua fes (y/n)? k OA: STARTREK.BAS renamed OA: TREK.BAS OA:STARTREK.COM renamed OA:TREK.COM (ja: STARTREK.DOC renamed OA: TREK.DOC OA:STARTREK.REL renamed OA:TREK.REL DA} Deetng Fes Toeraseafefrom dskconpetey, use the DELETE command: 0A}PET,RTE C)R.TGTNPT,BPS QA:ORGNAL.BAS deeted QA} Lke COPY and RENAME, the DELETE command can be used wth wd-cards to deete a group of fes wth one command. You shoud be especay carefu when usng DELETE, for obvous reasons. 2-8

28 TurboDOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS User's Gude (Contnued) Backng Up t s extreney nportarjt for you to make backup copes of a your dsks. Dsks can be damaged and fes can be erased as a resut of human error or equpment faure. Such an event can be catastrophc f you have no backup copy of the ost dsks or fes. However, f you have been conscentous about makng backup copes, you can recover your programs and data easy. Aways make a workng copy of any new software package you purchase, and save the orgna. f the workng copy s destroyed for any reason, you can aways restore t from the orgna. Aways make frequent backup copes of any programs and data fes you are workng on. As a genera rue, you shoud wake day backup copes of a fes you created or changed durng the day. n many nstances, t s prudent to make copes more frequenty than once a day. There are two ways to make backup copes: usng the BACKUP command or the COPY command. Usng BACKUP The BACKUP command creates an exact dupcate of the contents of one dsk on another dsk: 0A}F3.ACKJP /\: B7 nsert source dsk n drve A nsert destnaton dsk n drve B Enter <cr> to begn copyng: ÍRETñpN 0 O D g e O 0 0 e e e e * 0 0 * * Successfu copy DA}. 2-9

29 TurbojOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS User's Gude Backng up (Contnued) Usng Backup The BACKUP command can be used ony to copy (Contnued) an entre dsk to another dsk of exacty the same knd and format, BACKUP s the fastest method of copyng a dsk, because t copes everythng n one operaton. Usng COPY The COPY command can aso be used for makng backup copes. You can use COPY to copy a fes from one dsk to another: OZÜCOPY Am b;?n OA:ALPHA.COM coped to OB:ALPHA.COM OA:BETA.BAS coped to OB:BETA.BAS : : OA: ZULU.DAT coped to OB:ZULU.DAT QA} COPY s sower than BACKUP because t copes one fe at a tnte. COPY has some advantages, however. You can copy from one knd of dsk to another -- from a hard dsk to a foppy dsk, for exampe. You can copy seected fes or groups of fes f you wsh. n addton, the COPY command has an "archved" opton for copyng ony those fes that have been changed snce ast tme you backed up. 2-O

30 2- TurboDOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS User's Gude (Contnued) Workng wth Dsks So far, we've seen how TurboDOS works wth fes stored on dsk. a snge dsk can hod dozens of fes, sometmes hundreds of them. However, certan TurboDOS commands and fac tes dea wth the dsk tsef, rather than wth the ndvdua fes stored on t. Knds of Dsks A dsk s a rotatng magnetc medum used by a computer system to store programs and data. nformaton s recorded on dsk magnetcay, much as voce or musc s recorded on audo tape. The term "dsk" appes to severa knds of storage neda: foppy dsks, removabe cartrdge dsks, and fxed hard dsks. Foppy dsks (aso caed "dskettes") are nexpensve, and often the ony knd of stor age avaabe on sma mcrocomputer systems. They are removabe dsks whch use a fexbe magnetc medum that spns nsde a cardboard jacket. Foppy dsks come n B-nch and 5.25-nch dameter szes (even smaer ones are beng deveoped). They may be recorded on oneor both sdes, andcommonyhavecapa ctes of 150K to 1,50OK (kobytes). Cartrdge dsks are aso removabe, but they use a rgd ("hard") níedun that aows much more data to be stored on each dsk. They are consderaby more expensve than fop pes, so ther use on mcrocomputer systems has been somewhat mted. Cartrdge dsks corre n 14-nch, B-nch, and 5.25-nch dameters, and typcay hod 2 to 20 megabytes (a megabyte s 1024K, more than a mon bytes).

31 TurboDOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS Gude User's Workng wth Dsks (Contnued) Knds of Dsks Fxed hard dsks (sometmes caed "Wnches (Contnued) ter" dsks) use one or severa rgd magnetc patters seaed nsde an artght contaner. They provde a reabe and economca means of storng a ot of nformaton (typcay 5 to 50 megabytes), and are rapdy becomng popuar n medum-to-arge mcrocomputer sys terns. The dsadvantage of such dsks s that they are non-removabe,, Consequenty, some other knd of removabe medum (foppy dsk, cartrdge dsk, or tape) s amost aways requred for backup and archve purposes. Dsk Formats nformaton s recorded on dsks aong con centrc crcuar "tracks", somewhat ke the grooves on a phonograph record. Each track s further subdvded nto fxed-ength "sec tors". The "format" of a dsk refers to how many tracks are recorded on the dsk (on ether one or both sdes), how many sectors are recorded on each track, and how rnany bytes are recorded n each sector. For some knds of dsks ("hard-sectored")v the format s fxed by the hardware tsef. For others ("soft-sectored"), the format must be pre-recordedonto the dsk bymeans of the TurboDOS FORMAT command before the dsk can be used. Most foppy dsks ard many hard dsks are soft-sectored. For maxmum capacty and performance, foppy dsks used wth TurboDOS are generay formatted wth arge sector szes (typcay 512 bytes). However, TurboDOS can aso accomodate standard CP/M formats. TurboDOS determnes automatcay whether a foppy dsk s recorded n CP/M or TurboDOS format. TurboDOS-format dskettes run very much faster then CP/M dskettes. The FORMAT command can ntaze a dsk n ether CP/M or TurboDOS format. 2-12

32 TurboDOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS User's Gude Workng wth Dsks (Contnued) Dsk Formats You rn-ust use FORMAT to format every foppy (Contnued) dsk before t can be used by TurboDOS for the frst tme: 0A}FQRMAT B; Enter Format Type: : = North Star CP/M Doube-Densty (Snge-Sded) 2 = North Star CP/M Quad-Capacty (Doube-Sded) 3 = North Star TurboDOS Doube-Densty (Snge-Sded) 4 = North Star TurboDOS Quad-Capacty = 2 (Doube-Sded) nsert dsk to be formatteá n drve B Enter <cr> to begn formattng: RET{jRNj Startng forníat pass: 0 0 e 0 e * E * * C e 0 0 * 0 * $ * 0 e * 0 0 e 0 P # 0 * ) Startrw verfy pass: V e 0 e * e 0 e P * % 0 0 e 0 0 P 0 E + e e * e e 0 0 ) DA} t s aso a good dea to use the ERASEDR command to create an empty drectory on the newy-formatted dsk, and to use the LABEL conunand to gve a name to the dsk: 0A}ERASEPTR B; Hashed drectory ccesred (Y/N)? N OK to erase drectory on drve B? X Drectory erased, non-hashed 0A}T ABET B: PAYROT,T,,,DAT Dsk : abe wrtten ] DA} ; You must use ths procedure whenever a new dsk s paced nto servce for the frst tme. You may aso use ths procedure whenever you want to erase everythng from a used dsk and start out fresh. Be carefu -- once you use FORMAT or erasedr, any fes prevousy stored on the dsk are ost forever. 2-13

33 TurboDOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS Gude User's workng wth (Contnued) Dsks Dsk Organzaton You don't reay need to know how dsks are organzed n order to use TurboDOS, but can be hepfu n understandng certan dskorented commands. Each dsk s organzed by t TurboDOS nto fve areas ustrated beow: Fe Storage * e * * e e * 0 * * 0 e V Fe Storage Drectory Aocaton Map Voume Labe Reserved Tracks The "reserved tracks" are requred by certan hardware confguratons to support system start-up, but not otherwse used by TurboDOS. f your equpment requres reserved tracks, you can use the BOOT command to wrte nformaton on them. The "voume abe" contans the name you have assgned to the dsk. The LABEL command ets you gve a name to each of your dsks. The "aocaton map" s the area n whch TurboDOS keeps track of whch portons of the dsk storage space are occuped wth nforma- and ton, whch portons are free. You can use the FXMAP command to reconsttute ths crtca nformaton whenever you suspect t mght have become corrupted. t s a good dea to use FXMAP after any "crash" or other unexpaned system mafuncton. 2-14

34 TurboDOS 1.3 FLES and DSKS Gude User's Workng wth Dsks (Contnued) Dsk Organzaton The "drectory" s a tabe of contents whch (Contnued) sts a fes stored on the dsk. For each fe, there s a drectory entry contanng the fe's name, type, attrbutes, ownershp, sze, and ocaton on the dsk. The dr command ets you dspay' or prnt the drectory. The FXDR command ets you reorganze the drectory when frequent addtons and deetons of fes cause drectory access to become ess effcent. A the rest of the dsk (most of t) s avaabe to hod your fes. You can obtan detas about the format and organzaton of any dsk by usng the DRVE command: 0A}D.PT.\/R C Dsk drve characterstcs, drve C Maxmum data capacty : 1224K Aocaton bock sze : 2048 Number of drectory entres: 256 Physca sector sze : 1024 Physca sectors per track : 16 Physca tracks per dsk : 77 Number of reserved tracks : O 1 Meda s removabe 1 DA} Unke TurboDOS, CP/M does not mantan a voume abe or aocaton map on the dsks t creates. When a CP/M dsk s cessed by TurboDOS, frst the frst few CP/M drectory entres are automatcay reocated to ac the end of the drectory n order to make room for the abe and map. When a TurboDOS dsk s accessed by CP/M, the abe and map appear to be ordnary deeted drectory entres. The resut s that dsks can be moved freey between CP/M and TurboDOS wthout concern about the dfferences n organzaton. 2-S

35 TurboDOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS User's Gude Workng wth Dsks (Contnued) Drectory Formats n addton to CP/M-conpatbe "near" d rectores, TurboDOS aso supports an optona "hashed" drectory format that makes ook-up n arge drectores much faster. The standard near drectory format s com patbe wth CP/M, and s searched sequen tay. Because OE ths, Look-up speed gets sower as the drectory gets bgger. For hard dsks wth bg drectores, ook-up tme can get panfuy sow. The optona hashed drectory format uses a "hashng agorthm", a sophstcated technque for makng ook-up on arge drectores much faster. A hashed drectory may be used on any dsk, but s especay suted for use on hard dsks wth bg drectores. Hashed drectores are ÁQX compatbe wth CP/M. To ntaze a dsk to use ths optona hashed drectofy format, use the ERASEDR command. Aternatvey, to change an exst ng drectory from near to hashed (or vceversa), use the FXDR command: 0MFT"PTP C Hashed drectory desred (Y/N)? X OK to reorganze drectory on drve C? í Íjrectory reorganzed, hashed DA} When you dspay a hashed drectory usng DR, the symbo "(H)" appears n the headng. Whether the drectory s near or hashed, searches nvovng "wd cards" have to be done neary. n fact, such wd-card the drec- searches are typcay sower tory s hashed. f 2-16

36 TurboDOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS User's Gude Workng wth Dsks (Contnued) Changng Dsks Mut-user systems requre speca care when changng foppy dsks (or other removabe meda). Frst, you shoud check to make sure thatno other user s usng the dsk you want to change. Then use the CHANGE command to et TurboDOS know you want to change dsks: 0A}CHANGE Enter drve(s) to be changed: JZCZ Change drve(s) BCD Enter <CR> to contnue Wat unt the CHANGE command tes you t's okay to change the dsks (as above). Then remove and repace dsks as requred. Fnay, press RETURN to advse you are done wth the change. Remember, never remove a dsk wthout frst enterng a CHANGE command. Dsk Errors f you hear a "beep" and see a dagnostc message on your consoe such as: Read Error, Drve A, Track O, Sector 2 [Retry, gnore, Abort] Wrte Error, Drve B, Track 5, Sector 16 [Retry, gnore, Abort] t means that TurboDOS coud not read or wrte the specfed dsk sector even after a number of retres. When you see such a message, you must choose one of three recovery optons (Retry, gnore, Abort) by keyng the etter R,, or A. 2-17

37 TurboDOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS User's Gude workng wth Dsks (Contnued) Dsk Errors f you key R (retry), TurboDOS w try the (Contnued) read or wrte operaton severa more tmes. f t s st unsuccessfu, you w get another message. f you key (gnore), processng w contnue as f the error had not occurred. Ths opton s not recommended n most stuatons because t causes processng of nvad data and may ead to other errors. f you key A (abort), TurboDOS termnates the program you were runnng when the error occurred. f you hear a "beep" and see ths your consoe: message on Not Ready Error, Drve C [Retry, Abort] t means TurboDOS coud not access the seected drve for one of the foowng reasons:. there's no such drve on your system. the drve sn't ready to operate. no dsk s mounted n the drve. the dsk hasn't been formatted. the dsk format s unrecognzabe. you forgot to type SERVER before FORMAT, VERFY, etc, Agan, you must seect the desred recovery opton by keyng R or A. 2-18

38 TurboDOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS User's Gude (Contnued) User Numbers You know aready that TurboDOS mantans a drectory on each dsk whch sts a fes on the dsk. Wthn the drectory, TurboDOS provdes up to 32 separate fe brares correspondng to user numbers These brares are especay usefu n a mutuser system, snce they aow you to mantan separaton between fes beongng to dfferent users or appcatons. When you frst og on to a mut-user Turbo- DOS system, the system assgns you to one of these user numbers accordng to the user d that you specfy. You can see whch user number you have been assgned by ookng the at command prompt. For exampe: 5B} - tes you that your user number s fve. O Generay, user s reserved for goba fes (expaned shorty) and user 31 s reserved for og-on securty, eavng -30 for genera use. Ordnary, you are confned to your assgned user number from og on unt og off. Most fe operatons (creatng, renamng, deetng, searchng, etc.) are confned to the brary whch corresponds to your user num ber. For exampe, f you enter the command: 5B}JLLB you w get a drectory of ony those fes n the user 5 brary. 2-19

39 TurboDOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS User's Gude (Contnued) User Numbers The og-on mechansm of TurboDOS permts (Contnued) certan user d's to be "prveged", aowng those users to access varous protected factes of TurboDOS. f you quafy as a "prveged user", you can change user numbers anytme you ke wth the USER command: 5B }T7,SEP 1?, 12B} n most systems, you are automatcay ogged on to user zero as a prveged user. You can then change to any other user number wth the USER command. Fe Attrbutes Fe attrbutes may be used to contro how a fe can be accessed. TurboDOS defnes four such attrbutes: Read-ony, Goba, Archved, and FFO. Each of these attrbutes s expaned n deta beow. You can set and cear fe attrbutes wth the SET command. For exampe: 0A}SEt *.cñj +RG-A sets a.com fes to Read-ony, Goba, and not Archved. The SHOW command ets you see the settngs of fe attrbutes. 2-20

40 TurboDOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS User's Gude Fe Attrbutes (Contnued) Read-Ony Fe TurboDOS ets you protect mportant fes and dsks aganst accdenta destructon by markng them wth the "read-ony" attrbute. A read-ony fe cannot be wrtten, deeted or renamed. To deete, rename or modfy a read-ony ntentonay, fe you must frst cear the readony attrbute. Goba Fe f you save a fe under user O and mark wth the "goba" attrbute, you can access that fe from any user number. Ths provdes a convenent way to make seected fes avaabe to a users. For exampe, you'd probaby want to do ths wth most TurboDOS commands and other cornnon programs. (Otherwse, you'd have to put dupcate copes under each user number, wastng dsk space.) Remember, goba fes must be n the user brary -- otherwse, the goba has attrbute no effect. Archved Fe The "archved" attrbute works together wth the COPY command to provde a convenent mechansm for dong ncrementa fe backup. Ths attrbute s set automatcay whenever a fe s archved by the COPY command, and ceared automatcay whenever a fe s wrtten or renamed. When the COPY command s used for archvng, t automatcay skps over fes whch have the archved attrbute set. As a resut, ony fes that have been wrtten or renamed snce the ast archvng cyce are coped. Ths ncrementa backup facty s partcuary usefu for backng up arge fxed hard dsks, where copyng a fes woud be prohbtvey sow. t O 2-21

41 TurboDOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS User's Gude Fe Attrbutes (Contnued) PFC) Fe The "FFO" attrbute causes a fe to be accessed by TurboDOS usng a speca n-frst-out frst- access method. FFO fes are especay convenent for nter-process and nter-user communcatons, and are descrbed n more deta n the proqranprer's. 0A},S.ET j c: t--p Drve C set to read-ony Read-Ony" Drve TurboDOS aows drves to be marked read-ony much n the same fashon as fes. Another varaton of the SET command s used: 0A,qET c:, t-p Drve C set to read/wrte DA} Settng a drve read-ony prevents TurboDOS front makng any attempt to wrte to that drve. Ths s a good way to protect mportant dsks aganst accdenta destructon whe makng backup copes, for nstance. 2-22

42 TurboDOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS User's Gude (Contnued) Fe Searches Whenever you ask to access a fe, TurboDOS frst searches the brary correspondng the current user number. f the fe s not found, TurboDOS then searches the user brary to see f the fe s there and s marked as goba. For exampe, f you entered ths command: 5B}TYPE c:.taktnro PC)C TurboDOS woud frst search the user 5 bra ry on drve C. f t can't fngí TAXNFO.DOC there, then t searches the user O drectory on drve C, ookng for TAXNFO.DOC marked wth the goba attrbute. f both searches are unsuccessfu, the TYPE command dspays the message "Fe Not Found". The search procedure for command fes (pro grams) s smar, but wth one added coínp caton. TurboDOS can be confgured wth a specfed "search drve" whch s searched automatcay f you don't specfy an expct drve etter, and f the norma search of the current drve fas. Usng the prevous exampe, f your system s confgured wth drve A as the "search árve", TurboDOS woud search for the command fe TYPE.COM (or TYPE.CMD) n the foowng sequence:. drve B, user 5. drve B, user O (goba). drve A, user 5. drve A, user O (goba) before gvng up and dspayng the message "Command Not Found". to O 2-23

43 TurboDOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS User's Gude (Contnued) Fe Sharng n a mut-user TurboDOS system, t s qute possbe that two or more users may want to access the saíne fe at the same tnte. Ths canhappen f the users are ogged on to the sane user number, or f they are accessng the same gcba fe. TurboDOS has varous factes to reguate such fe sharng. Fe Locks As a genera rue, TurboDOS aows any number of users to read afe at the sarríe tme, but ony one user may wrte the fe. (Ths s caed the "períassve" ruej f a second user tres to wrte the fe"efore the frst user s fnshed, the second user w re ceve an error message. The exact níessage depends upon the appcaton programs beng run, but s usuay sor.ethng ke "cannot wrte fe" or "dsk fu". Aternatvey, t s possbe to set up Tut bodos so that ony one user can access any fe at a tme. (Ths s caed the "excu sve" rue.) f your system s set up n ths fashon, and f a second user tres to s fnshed, the second user w receve an error mes access the fe before the frst sage, usuay somethng ke "cannot open fe" or "fe not found". Record Locks TurboDOS aso has record ockng factes that make t possbe for severa users to access and update common fes at the same tme. Record ockng s not automatc. Pro grams must make expct requests for Turbo- DOS to open fes n a speca "shared" mode, and to ock and unock records. Remember, smutaneous updatng requres ap pcaton programs specay-wrtten for a mut-user envronment. Ordnary snge-user appcatons w not do. 2 24

44 TurboDOS 1.3 FLES AND DSKS User's Gude (Contnued) Suumary Ths secton has expaned how TurboDOS manages your fes on dsk. You've earned what fes are, how they are dentfed by name, and how you can create, copy, rename and deete them. You know how TurboDOS dsks are organzed, and the proper procedures formattng for dsks, changng dsks, and recoverng from dsk errors. You understand the mportance of makng frequent backup copes of your mportant programs aná data fes. And you know about user numbers, fe attrbutes, and fe sharng. Congratuatons Next, we ook at how TurboDOS handes prntng and prnt spoong. 2-25

45 3- TurboDOS 1.3 PRNTNG User's Gude PRNTNG Ths secton teaches you a about prntng under TurboDOS, ncudng how to use ts prnt spoong capabtes to best advantage. The prntng faces of TurboDOS are rather eaborate, so there's qute a bt to earn. Prntng Methods We' start by descrbng the varous prntng methods supported by TurboDOS. Later, we' go nto deta about the commands used to contro prntng. Your system may be equpped wth severa prnters (up to 16 of them), a of whch may be n-use smutaneousy. Each prnter s assgned a etter A-P (just as n the case of dsk drves). You can contro whch prnter you want to use at any gven tme. n a mut-user system, each user can contro hs prnt routng ndependenty. There are two fundamentay dfferent methods of prntng n TurboDOS: djj=é and spoojed, Drect Prntng Prnt output may be routed drecty to any specfed prnter on a character-by-character bass. Ths s the smpest method of prnt ng n TurboDOS, and the ony method supported by CP/M. Drect prntng s usefu for very ong prnt jobs (e.g., overnght), and for certan speca stuatons such as snge-sheet prntng. Drect prntng has some drawbacks, however. For one thng, when you use drect prntng, your consoe s ted up unt the prnt job has fnshed. Prnters are generay the sowest components of any computer system, botteneck andyouw fndtheyareoftena mtng how much work you can get done.

46 TurbooOS 1.3 PRNTNG User's Gude Prntng Methods (Contnued) Drect Prntng Another drawback of drect prntng s that (Contnued) t s very awkward to use n a mut-user envronment. f two users attempt to prnt drecty to the same prnter at the same tme, theresut sanergedprntout that s not key to be of much use to ether user. Thus, drect prntng requres that users carefuy coordnate among themseves to avod such confcts. You can emnate both of these probems by usng spooed prntng. Spooed Prntng when you seect spooed prntng, TurboDOS ntercepts the prnt output from your program on dsk, Ths and saves t n a prnt fe process s caed "spoong", and the resut ng prnt fe s sometmes caed a "spoo fe". When the prnt job s done, TurboDOS automatcay starts prntng the contents of the prnt fe. Ths process s caed "despoong", and takes pace n the background ndependent of your consoe. You can go ahead and run your next program wthout wat ng for the prntng to When fnsh. the prntng s fnshed, the prnt fe s deeted automatcay. n a mut-user envronment, severa users may be generatng spooed prnt output at the saíne tme wthout any nterference. As ther jobs fnsh TurboDQS automatcay queues the prnt fíes for de-spoong on a frstcome frst-served bass. 3"2

47 Turbo1X)S 1.3 PRNTNG User's Gude Prntng Methods (Contnued) prnt jobs When a program generates ts frst character of prnt output, a new "prnt job" begns. f spooed prntng s n effect, TurbooOS creates a new prnt fe automatcay at ths pont. Subsequent prnt output s spooed to ths prnt fe unt the prnt job ends, whereupon TurboDOS coses the prnt fe and queues t for de-spoong. n most cases, the prnt job ends automatcay at the concuson of the program. However, the prnt job may aso be ended by an end-prnt attenton request from the consoe, by an expct end-prnt request from the program, or by the presence of a reserved end-of-prnt character n the prnt output stream (f one s defned for your system). Usng Prnt Queues TurboDOS supports up to 16 prnt queues, dentfed by the etters A-P. A prnt queue s smpy a st of prnt jobs awatng despooed prntng. You can assgn any prnter on your system to de-spoo fron any prnt queue. jobs are aways prnted from a partcuar queue on a frst-come frst-served bass. The smpest way to use these queues s to assgn each prnter to a dfferent queue for exampe, prnter a to queue A, prnter B to queue B, and so on. However, queues may be used n more magnatve ways. 3_3

48 TurboDOS 1.3 PRNTNG User's Gude Prntng Methods (Contnued} Usng Prnt Queues Even f your computer has ony one (Contnued) prnter, you may want to make use of severa prnt queues to group together prnt jobs wth sn'.ar forms requrements and/or prortes. For exampe, you A coud use queue for jobs requrng wde paper, queue B for jobs to be prnted on narrow paper, queue C for jobs to be prnted on pre-prnted nvoce forms, queue D for computer-prnted checks, and so forth. Whenever the prnter s done prntng a jobs from one queue, you can re-assgn the prnter to a dfferent queue after changng to the approprate knd of paper. f your system has mutpe prnters, you can assgn two or ñore prnters to the same prnt queue. n ths case, TurboDOS performs automatc oad sharng by dvdng up the workoad among the prnters. Ths technque s approprate f you don't care whch prnter s used to prnt whch job. Manua Spoong n addton to the automatc prnt spoong aready descrbed, TurboDOS supports a manua spoong mode n whch prnt output s spooed to a prnt fe but AQÉ automatcay queued for prntng when the prnt job ends. When you use ths mode, the prnt fe remans on dsk ndefntey, unt you ether deete t or manuay queue t for prntng. TurboDOS provdes a speca command for manuay queung such fes (or any text fe, for that matter). The manua spoong mode s usefu n varous stuatons: for exampe, when you're not sure whether or not you want to prnt a job; when you need to prnt severa copes of the same job; or whenyou want to use theprntoutput of one program as the nput to some other program. 3-4