C P A C W A T E R P R O O F C O N C R E T E 1

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1 C P A C W A T E R P R O O F C O N C R E T E 1

2 Õπ µ π æ CPAC Waterproof Concrete πß π ß â ß Õπ µ Ë «µ ÿª ß å æ ËÕ Á πè À Õ ªìπµâÕß º πè µ ß àπ «à πè ß Á πè æ Èπ øñ «Èß ß â ß ËµâÕß º πè µâ π àπ ÀâÕß µâ π À ÕÕÿ ß å Õπ µ µâõß ÿ µ ππè ºà π æ ËÕªÑÕß π «À ËÕ µ À ß ßπ Èπ Àâ ß â ß Õπ µ ß à «ÿ µ π ß ªìπ Ëß ËµâÕß π ß ß àõπ ÿ µ Õ ËπÊ Designed for either water retaining purpose or moisture contact intention, concrete structures shall have their extra preferable properties, especially water proofing. Basically, such the structures, for instances swimming pool, water storage, roofing slab and diaphragm wall etc., are prone to be harmful in which itself and its reinforcement will loose their functional performances or their resistance against progressive deterioration after moisture and other hazard penetrating through concrete matrix. 2 C P A C W A T E R P R O O F C O N C R E T E

3 Consequently, the determination of waterproofing characteristics of concrete is needed to take in account as the first priority in stead of the other familiar property i.e. compressive strength. πè ºà π ß â ß Õπ µ âõ à ß Water Permeability Process in Concrete Structure πè ºà π â Ÿà ß â ß Õπ µ ºà π àõß«à ß Ë ËÕ µàõ π (Interconnected Void) ºà π Õß ß ππè (Hydraulic Permeability) ºà π Õß ßµ ߺ «πè (Water Absorbed by Capillary Action) ßπ Èπ ºà π ÕßπÈ π ß â ß Õπ µ â àõß«à ß Ë ËÕ µàõ π ÀâπâÕ Ë ÿ π Ëπ Õß In fact, concrete occupies certain porosity formed in figures of Interconnected Void. With ë ºà π ÕßπÈ π Õπ µ ÈπÕ Ÿà ª àõß«à ß Ë ËÕ µàõ π The larger the interconnected void content, the higher the water permeable. both a hydraulic permeability and a water capillary action, it performs as channels of water transition toward vulnerable materials inside of concrete. Hence, the significantly relevant solution of waterproof concrete is to minimise interconnected void. C P A C W A T E R P R O O F C O N C R E T E 3

4 Õ à ß Àâ ß â ß Õπ µ π Principles of Waterproofing Structure Construction àõ â ß ß â ß Õπ µ Àâ àõß«à ß Ë ËÕ µàõ π ÀâπâÕ Ë ÿ π Èπ â ë â Õπ µ Ë ÿ µ πè (Low Permeable Concrete) Ëß à ºà π ÕßπÈ ËµË «à Õ𠵪 µ ÿ µ Ë Õ πàπ âßà ë «ß π Ë Ÿ µâõß Õπ µ Àâ πàπ πõ â Õπ µ Ë ÿ µ πè ⫪í Ë Õ ªí Àπ Ëß Ë à«àâ â Õπ µ ª æ π Ÿß ÿ Õ «ß π Ë Ÿ µâõß Õπ µ Àâ πàπ Ëߪ Õ â«2) Õπ µ Ë Ÿ «À Õπ µ ªìπ ª Õ à ß Ÿ «µ ËÕß ÕÕÿª å Ë â À Õ ß â ß Ë Àâ Õπ µ πàπµ «à µ «ª æ π πè Õß Õπ µ Ÿß Èπ ßπ Èπ àõπ ß Õ ß π «æ «à Õπ µ â««õ à ß» ß«Õπ µ Ë Ÿ µâõß æ ËÕªÑÕß π ªí À µà ßÊ ËÕ Èπ ËÕß Õ Ë â àπ ß π À Õªíö «µ (Free Fall) Õß Õπ µ à Ÿß π ª à«π æß Ÿß Ÿß «â««tremied Process ªìπµâπ 3) µâõß Õ Õπ µ Àâ πàπ π À àõ Õπ µ ÀâÕ µ «πàπ â â ËÕß Õ ÿâß À Õ â ËÕß È à «Ë Ÿ µâõß π à Õ ÿà ËÕß à Àâ ß ª π Èπ Ë àõπ ª 5-8. ªìπ Ê Àâ Õπ µõ µ «πàπ Õ à ßæÕ æ ß 4) µâõß à Õπ µõ à ß æ ßæÕ Õπ µ «πè Ÿß â Õπ µπ Èπ ªØ Œ Ëπ ªØ ªÕ πõ à ß Ÿ å ßπ Èπ à Õ à ß Ÿ «π à«ß «Ëπ πæõ (Õ à ßπâÕ 14 «π) ß «µàõ πè Õß Õπ µ ë à Water Stop «Õ µàõ À«à ßæ Èπ æß Application of water stop are required at the connection among concrete member. 1) µ Ë Ÿ µâõß àõπ Õπ µ àπ π ˵âÕß àõ â ßÀâÕß µâ π À Õ π Õ µâ π Ëß à Õπ µµàõ π ËÕß Èߺ π â À Õ «Õ µàõ À«à ßæ Èπ æß «µâõß à Water Stop «ß ÀâÕ Ÿà πµ Àπàß Ë Ÿ µâõß à«π À Á ««ßÕ Ÿà π µ Àπàß Àÿâ Õ à ß Ÿ µâõß À â «πè àõππ â æ ËÕ Ë à Ÿ πè à«πº Õπ µ ª With reference to the above principles, concrete shall have least interconnected void content by two unavoidable considerations that are the appropriate property concrete i.e. low permeable concrete and the skillful workmanship. ë Use of Low Permeable Concrete Considered as a crucial influencer, concrete with a lower permeability can inevitably contribute to required waterproof of structure. Moreover, concrete having an easier compactability would be profitable in consideration of mix proportioning. 4 C P A C W A T E R P R O O F C O N C R E T E

5 ë Proficient Work Preparation and Skillful Workmanship Apart from low permeable concrete using, it is fundamental to attain the most efficient waterproofing that how to place and compact concrete properly. This is by reason of even using a selective property concrete, the construction still need both proficient work preparation and skillful workmanship to fulfill the active concreting. Definitely, the following work procedures shall be established. 1) Work Preparation Prior to Concreting On some concrete applications i.e. basement, retaining wall, and long structural member, it is impossible to make the whole piece in a single placing, particularly the conjunction joint among members. Therefore, the attention on some the wooden formwork in order to prevent absorption of mixing water. 2) Suitably Concreting Procedure Concrete placing methods shall be studied and selected to adapt with each handling equipment and structural characteristic to obtain the serviceable qualities i.e. properly consolidated matrix without segregation. For examples, by handling of chute, bucket and concrete pump, concrete free falling shall not be too high or tremied process pertinently suited to the extremely high wall or column. 3) Properly Compacting of In Place Concrete The properly compacted concrete can be achieved by the recommended procedure, for examples the time of vibration shall be taken at properly long. π À «ÿ à È Õπ µ π π«ëß Vibration with up right direction π À «ÿ à È Õπ µ π π«πõπ Improper Vibration by other direction ë à Õπ µ Ë Ÿ «à«ª æ π Õß Õπ µ Properly compacting is able to contribute waterproofing of concrete structure. construction aspects would be notably focused on which an introduction of water stop is assuredly required with the suitable position. In addition, right location of reinforcement and enough concrete covering become necessary and the water-protection admixture is to be applied on 4) An Enough Time of Curing Perfect cement hydration can assist the waterproofing effectiveness of concrete due to its increased cementitious. Spent at least 14 days, moist curing associated with each structure characteristic is unable to be ignored. C P A C W A T E R P R O O F C O N C R E T E 5

6 ÿ µ πè æ Èπ π Õß «π π Low Permeability...Fundamental of Durable Concrete ÿ µ πè πõ ªìπªí À ß â ß π â«ß «µàõ ß â ß Õπ µ ËµâÕß «π πõ â«õ ªìπ ÿ µ æ Èπ π Õß Õπ µ Ë π πµàõ «À ß ß æ Èßπ È π ËÕß πè Ëß ªìπµ «Ë Ë ÿ π æ ºà π â Õ πµ µàõ À Á Õπ µ âßà â Õπ µ à «πè æ ßæÕ πõ π È â Õπ µ «æ ÿπ àߺ Àâ Õπ µ ßÕ µë Ÿ «π µâ π π «À ß æ Not only is low permeable concrete regarded as a significance to reach the waterproofing requirement, but also it is intimately related to the durability of concrete under exposure to severe climate, and leaching due to prolonged seepage of water, principally when it contains aggressive gases or mineral in solution. Besides, it widely understands for physical attack that the more the porosity contents the more the vulnerable. Unwaveringly, it is therefore called as Fundamental Aspect for Durable Concrete CPAC Wate Concrete CPAC Waterproof Concrete µõ Õß ß â ß π CPAC Waterproof Concrete...Answer for Waterproof Structure CPAC Waterproof Concrete Õ Õπ µæ» Ë æ «æ π Èπ æ ËÕ Àâ ÿ µ πè Ÿß Õ πàπ âßà ß À Õ à ß Ëß À âß π π ß â ß Õπ µ ËµâÕß ÿ µ π ßÕ Ÿª ß Ÿ» å µ π Àâ Õ â âµ Èß µà /µ.. ( ÕÕ æ Ë µ âµ µâõß ) Based on the research and development schemes, CPAC Waterproof Concrete is a low permeable concrete enabling to contribute concrete structure in reach of the effective waterproofing. It is also convenient to be used on any structure according to class of cube compressive strength ranged from 210 to 500 kgf/cm 2. æ Õπ µ Àâ πè âõ à ß How CPAC Makes Concrete Low Permeable «Õ à ßµàÕ π ËÕß æ âæ π à«πº Õπ µ Àâ ÿ µ πè Õ» À ßπ È ë À àõß«à ß Õß Õ µàõ À«à ß πµå æ å ««àõß«à ß Õß Õ µàõ À«à ß πµå æ å 6 C P A C W A T E R P R O O F C O N C R E T E

7 Coefficient of Permeability X M/S ë à «π ºà π ÕßπÈ π Õ𠵪 µ ËÕ ÿ 28 «π Water permeability of normal concrete at the age of 28 days erproof ««(Transition Zone) ßµ à Õ µ à«ππè µàõ«ÿª π Ë ß µ Õ ÿ Õß Õπ µ Ë æ Ë Èπ º ÕßªØ Œ Ëπ ªØ ªÕ π â«à π È à π ª πè æ Ë µ Õ ß à «ªìπ À CPAC Waterproof Concrete ë À ª ª ÿß ß â ß π π ÈÕ Õπ µ Àâ πè Èπ ⫪ø ªÕ π ªÕ π Ë à æ Ë æ» à«ª ª ÿß ß â ß π π ÈÕ Õπ µ ËÕ Õπ µ Õ ÿ «à 28 «π Àâ «πè Èπ CPAC Waterproof Concrete ß à «πè Ÿß «à Õ𠵪 µ Èß π Ë ßÕ à Õ µ à«ππè µàõ «ÿª π à π ë À æ Ë ª æ «πè «ÿ ÿ 櫵 ÿ Àâ π à Õ µ à«π ««Õ µàõ ««(Sand to Aggregate Ratio) Ë À CPAC Waterproof Concrete ß Õ πàπ âßà «à ª Õ ÕÕ ª πè π à«πº Ë À ß Àâ Õ È Ëß àߺ µàõ «æ ÿπ π π ÈÕ Õπ µ πõ π Èπ â ª «ÿª π Ë À ß à«µ â «(Drying Shrinkage) π ß â ßÕ â«cpac has designed the concrete proportioning giving abilities of low permeable with the selected raw materials as the following principles. ë Concept of Void Reduction on Transition Zone A benefit of the low water-to-binder ratio (W/B) is that voids on transition zone between cement paste and aggregates are decreased in accordance to their inverse correlation and age of concrete in accomplishment of the absolute cement hydration and pozzolanic reaction. Accordingly, it is redundant and able to generate further difficulties when introducing an additional waterproofing admixture of water reducing type into CPAC Waterproof Concrete. ë Concept of Concrete Matrix Improvement Yielding lower permeability, use of pozzolan as an ingredient is one of waterproof making techniques. Such a technique, a widespread innovation of concrete matrix improvement, is to heighten the cementitious composition in concrete, evidently at the ages more than 28 days. Then, CPAC Waterproof Concrete has the better impermeable than normal concrete even either the same W/B or the same strength. C P A C W A T E R P R O O F C O N C R E T E 7

8 ë Concept of Supplementary Waterproof Especially selected for CPAC Waterproof Concrete, cleanness and well grade of aggregates are intentionally conditional in production control. Unforgotably, proportioning of each ingredient is also concerned to satisfy the ease in compaction µõ È Õ à ß Ëπ ⫺ Õ Assured with Test Results ë ª πè Ë à À ªìπ Àµÿ Àâ È (Bleeding) Ëß ªìπ ÀµÿÀπ Ëß Ë Àâ àõß«à ß Ë ËÕ µàõ π (Interconnected Void) Bleeding of concrete, caused by an excessive water, can result the interconnected void. and non-upcoming problem on hardened concrete. For examples, a suitable water content can directly lessen bleeding that result the latter interconnected void, an appropriate binder content can reduce risk of cracks induced by drying shrinkage. Cement + H 2 O CSH + Ca(OH) 2 (Hydration Reaction) SiO 2 + Ca(OH) 2 CSH (Pozzolanic Reaction) æ â Õ ºà ππè CPAC Waterproof Concrete Õ𠵪 µ æ ËÕ π π ÿ µ «πè Ë Àπ Õ «à â ËÕß Õ Õ Ë â ß ππè ºà π àß Õπ µ µ ß Ëß Õ ªìπ Õß ß â ß Ë â ß Ë ÿ â«π«à ª Ï ºà π ÕßπÈ (Coefficient of Permeability) Õ» Õß å (Darcy Expression) Ëߺ Õ ß Àâ ÀÁπ«à à«à Ë à ßÕ µà ßÊ À Õ Ë à Õ µ à«ππè µàõ«ÿª πµà ßÊ à «πè Õß CPAC Waterproof Concrete Ÿß «à Õ𠵪 µ Õ à ß ÀÁπ â π In order to assure in low permeable aspect, the test of water permeability for CPAC Waterproof Concrete had been performed and investigated in terms of the coefficient of ë Õÿª å Õ «πè Õß æ CPAC Automatic Water Permeability Apparatus 8 C P A C W A T E R P R O O F C O N C R E T E

9 Coefficient of Permeability X m/s Normal Concrete at 28 days. Normal Concrete at 56 days. CPAC Waterproof Concrete at 28 days. CPAC Waterproof Concrete at 56 days ë º Õ ÿ µ «πè Õß CPAC Waterproof Concrete Õ𠵪 µ Ë ßÕ µà ßÊ Test results of water permeability on CPAC Waterproof Concrete compared to those of normal concrete with respect to compressive strength Coefficient of Permeability X m/s Normal Concrete at 28 days. Normal Concrete at 56 days. CPAC Waterproof Concrete at 28 days. CPAC Waterproof Concrete at 56 days. W/B Ratio ë º Õ ÿ µ «πè Õß CPAC Waterproof Concrete Õ𠵪 µ ËÕ µ à«ππè µàõ«ÿ ª πµà ßÊ Test results of water permeability on CPAC Waterproof Concrete compared to those of normal concrete with respect to water to binder ratio permeability (K) with use of the Automatic Water Permeability Apparatus. Water transportation into concrete is simulated to determine such the coefficient, which regarded as the most reasonable for real application rather than use of other fluid. The permeability coefficients carried out by the calculation based on Darcy's expression show that either the same W/B or the same strength, CPAC Waterproof Concrete has a substantial decrease in value, comparatively to normal concrete as evidently shown in the relationship. C P A C W A T E R P R O O F C O N C R E T E 9

10 æ Ÿ πå ÿ æ ⫺ ß π Quality Works by CPAC Waterproof Concrete ë»ÿπ å à ßπÈ àß π Ã Õ Ë π å Èß Ë 13»Ÿπ å à À µ å ß µ Aquatic Center, 13 th Asian Games, Thammasart University à«πàπ Ëß Õß ß Ë Ëπ Õ â 1. À «Õ «µ ßπ (ABAC 2) 2.»Ÿπ å à ßπÈ àß π Ã Õ Ë π å Èß Ë 13»Ÿπ å à À µ å ß µ 3. π ß π» Õÿµ À «ßÕÿµ À 4. ÕŸà Õ Õæ µ Àπ ππ ÿ 5. ß àõ πè ª Á ßÀ«ππ ÿ 6. µ å ÿã ß å À «7. π»» µ å À «ÿ ± µ å 8. Õ π» À «π æ Õ â π ÿ ë µ å ÿã ß å À «Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University ë À «Õ «µ ßπ (ABAC 2) Assumption University, Bangna Campus Some of the projects that have confidently used CPAC Waterproof Concrete 1. Assumption University, Bangna Campus 2. Aquatic Center, 13 th Asian Games, Thammasart University 3. Office of Industrial Economics, Ministry of Industry 4. Port of Nontaburi Royal Palace 5. Pak kret Waste Water Treatment Project, Nontaburi 6. Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University 7. Faculty of Mass Communication, Dhurakijpundit University 8. Library, King Mongkut's University of Technology, Thonburi 10 C P A C W A T E R P R O O F C O N C R E T E

11 Product Items of CPAC Waterproof Concrete C P A C W A T E R P R O O F C O N C R E T E 11

12 12 C P A C W A T E R P R O O F C O N C R E T E